General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level Essay

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level .c rs om 1123/11 ENGLISH LANGUAGE Paper 1 Writing Additional Materials: * 4 0 7 9 5 7 8 4 2 9 * October/November 2011 1 hour 30 minutes Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer both Section One and Section Two. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. This document consists of 3 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (CW) 33870/3  © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 2 Section 1: Directed Writing You are advised to write between 200 and 300 words. Total marks for this part: 30. Task Recently you witnessed a major disturbance at a railway station when many people were injured. You are asked by the local police to write an account of what you saw. Write your account. You must include the following: †¢ when and where the incident happened and how close you were to the scene the cause of the disturbance and what exactly happened some of the ways in which people tried to help. †¢ †¢ Cover all three points above in detail. You should make your account informative and helpful for the police to show you are a reliable witness. Start your account ‘To the Police†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and remember to add your signature and the date.  © UCLES 2011 1123/11/O/N/11 3 Section 2: Creative Writing Begin your answer on a fresh page. Write on one of the following topics. At the head of your essay put the number of the topic you have chosen. You are advised to write between 350 and 500 words. Total marks for this part: 30. 1 Describe a time when you prefer to be alone and a time when you like to be part of a crowd. (Remember that you are describing the atmosphere and your feelings, not telling a story.) 2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of attending either a small school with few students or a large school with many students? 3 Write a story which includes the sentence: ‘As we entered the building, the other people smiled as if they knew something we did not.’ 4 Bullies. 5 Write a story about someone who returned to a village or town after a long time away. (You should include full details of why the person went away to show that it is an important part of your story.)  © UCLES 2011 1123/11/O/N/11 4 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.  © UCLES 2011 1123/11/O/N/11

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn †Synthesis Essay Essay

Great literature has always run into great controversy, such as classics like The Catcher and the Rye by J. D. Salinger, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, and of course The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is of the antics of a 13-year-old Huck, and adult runaway slave. This piece of writing is found to be a classic and a standard for American literature; although recent debate on Twain’s racist language and stereotypical view on African Americans is questioned as appropriate for public education. Mark Twain’s novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should be taught in public schools, because the story should not be thought of as demeaning to blacks, or that Jim is considered a stereotype of black culture, but merely the characterization is being honest to the story and its time period. In her article â€Å"Huck Finn: Born to Trouble† Katherine Schulten states that parents had additional worries, that Jim would never seem like a true hero to African American children because he does not resist thralldom. Read more:  How to write a good introduction for a synthesis essay. Mark Twain did not want Jim to be some tough guy, who went against the ways of society, who resisted slavery ; does that make the story bad? No it does not, Twain wrote Jim as he was because that is what he was presented with during the time of slavery. Forrest Robinson agrees that Jim’s characterization is profoundly true to the realities of his experience in the novel; but it is culturally true as well in the apparent inconsistency that it has seemed, in the eyes of the audience, to betray. (â€Å"The Characterization of Jim in Huckleberry Finn†). The reality is not many slaves rebelled against white suppression, but there were slaves who escaped from the grips of slavery as Jim did. Charles E. Wilson Jr. author of Race and Racism In Literature notes that Jim’s role in this book is presented from the perspective of a 13-year-old boy. So while Jim may appear to be an object instead of a man, it is rather Huck’s bias and naive version of Jim that we see. In Huck’s viewpoint Jim is a â€Å"nigger†, and a slave, and in such manner, he should remain inferior to Huck, even though ironically, Huck treats Jim altruistically. Throughout the novel Jim presents his wisdom, but Huck considers it a site of black inferiority. In almost every instance of Twain’s verbal irony, Jim emerges the intellectual victor. Although Jim is foreseen as a weak, dumb, stereotypical black because it is in the narrative of a â€Å"civilized† white boy. This story is truly one of the great American novels of all time, nothing like it had ever been done, and nothing like it has ever been done since. As Shelley Fishkin points out Huckleberry Finn allowed a different kind of writing to happen: a clean, crisp, nonsense, earthy, vernacular kind of writing that jumped off printed page with unprecedented immediacy and energy; it was a book that talked. (â€Å" Huck’s Black Voice†) Twain’s writing was every bit of unusual, he did not write to comfort the human minds, or to pamper the society and mask the human faults. This novel has enticing freedom, not just in the story, but as a novel itself; no book had ever tried to break free from the hackneyed writing of the time. â€Å"As I knew from my first encounter with the book on high school, critics had long viewed Huckleberry Finn as a declaration of independence from the genteel English novel tradition. † (â€Å"Huck’s Black Voice†) Great literature has always run into great controversy. Twain wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn from what he was provided with in his society, he did not give any false illusions of what was going on; he simply wrote an adventure of escape through the eyes of a young 13-year-old white boy. Does it have racism? Yes–but it also has self-discovery, chivalry, friendship, and vibrant adventure. Public education should continue in the use of this great novel because of what it provides. Just from this one topic of the book, it has stirred much discussion and debate. Imagine, all this interaction, involvement, and opinion in the classroom from kids of many backgrounds. When it comes down to it, this book makes the reader think of what really matters in life, and that anyone can make a difference. Works Cited Wilson, Charles E. Race and Racism in Literature. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood, 2005. Print.

Working with Youth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Working with Youth - Essay Example Without that belief, the young people will not be motivated enough to participate in challenges. Second, it is important to find useful positions for young people within the community. Providing meaningful contributions through such roles will help give young people the confidence they need. Third, groups must provide regular opportunities for young people to serve the community – at least one hour a week, but hopefully more. By providing an ongoing opportunity, these groups will build habits that will last a lifetime. Fourth, the group must provide a safe atmosphere where young people will feel the freedom to fail – and to get back up and succeed (Search Institute, 2011). The Tahoe SAFE Alliance is dedicated to eliminating violent behavior in teenagers. By focusing on such topics as mutual respect, self-esteem, and the traits of healthy relationships, this group seeks to undo much of the damage that has taken place in homes. There are several different elements to this groups curriculum, but the overriding theme is building an atmosphere of respect and dignity in which teens can reassemble their own self-concept and then move outward to work against violence wherever they find it (Tahoe SAFE Alliance,

The US Air Force in World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The US Air Force in World War II - Essay Example Thus the direct premise that followed from this catechism was that victory beyond doubt will go to that power that will manage to exhibit and retain decisive air superiority throughout the conflict. Still such findings and predictions failed to muster a commensurate support and budgetary allocations from the US authorities. It was only in the thick of the World War II that the validity of such forecasts became crystal clear and self evident and the US realized that the stature and scope of its Air Force needs to be unavoidably expanded and broadened. In fact such provisions became necessary after the Japanese air attack on the Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 (Lord 4). This unexpected attack revealed the extent to which the Japanese intended to rely on their air power to have an upper edge in the war. This attack also revealed the potential and capabilities of the Japanese Air Force, its ability to plan and execute debilitating air operations and its skill for withholding and camouflaging the information and intelligence pertaining to its air preparedness. Pearl Harbor was a painful eye opener that was as much the result of the Japanese air preparedness as the lack of prompt US initiative in response to the ensuing developments in Europe and Japan. This attack also made the US cognizant of the vulnerability of its Air Force and its air defense systems. Luckily, the Pearl Harbor attack unleashed a sea change in the US foreign policy and its defense preparations (Cate). It was decided that from now onwards, the US Air Force ought to play an aggressive and proactive role in the future conflicts. President Roosevelt decided in favor of an unprecedented expansion and refurbishing of the US Air Corps and substantial and impressive allocations were made to procure fighter aircraft for the army (Cate). In the mean time, the US Air Force was already anticipating such salubrious developments and hence it took no time in gearing up and responding to such alleviated expectations and bold plans. The strategic stress was also laid down on the upgrading of aerial infrastructure and the development of new airfields and air bases to enhance the tactical potential of the US Air Force (Cate). There is no doubt that such developments were to chan ge the face of the US Air Force not only in the II World War, but their reverberations were audible in the much later US missions like the Operation Desert Storm.Though the US Air Force fighters and bombers were soon carpeting the Pacific skies, still the US Air Force some what reluctantly entered the European horizons in July 1942 (Wolf 156). The scope of the US Air Force was extended to the European territories only at the repeated request and encouragement of the British army, which was continually suggesting a scheme for the collaboration and cooperation between the Air Forces of the two nations embroiled in this conflict. As American strategic interests in Europe started to become clearer, concise and concrete, the entry of the American Air Force in the European theater of war became a tactical and political necessity. Considering the fact the allied forces operating in Europe were

Human Recources Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Recources Management - Assignment Example In their efforts to meets the needs of the employees, companies adopt Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. This theory depicts five steps hierarchy of needs that employers should provide to their employees. These include physiological needs, safety, love, esteem and self-actualisation (Murphy, 2009, p. 24). On the other hand, reward is a tangible or intangible appreciation that is given to an employee after a good performance. The objective of a reward is to make an employee repeat the rewarded behaviour. For instance, in order to meet the physiological needs of the employees, organisations should reward them with food and water. Similarly, social needs of workers are met through rewarding them with affection, belongingness and love. Self-respect, improvement of status, prestige and self-esteem are key rewards that meet the esteem requirements of workers according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. 3.2 Job evaluation process and other factors emulated to determine pay Job evaluati on entails the strategies undertaken to analyse and assess the worth of jobs within a firm. One of the vital objectives of job evaluation is to ensure that employees are remunerated in an equitable way. Additionally, organisations undertake job evaluation to maintain an appropriate job grading techniques and to comply with legal requirements. Other factors that are used to determine employees pay include, minimum wage as stipulated by law, market rates of pay, equal pay and individual performance. British Leyland Motor Corporation Ltd (BLMC), a UK based motor vehicle manufacturing company adopts piecework to remunerate its employees. The amount of pay is usually re-rated whenever a change occurs in the technique of production. According to the BLMC policies, a change in the job does not result to a reduction of the salary. To motivate its employees especially in the production facility, the company increases its payment rates during an introduction of a new model. In addition to the piecework, employees who are responsible for servicing the production lines are remunerated by time rate and bonuses. This is in addition to the minimum rate as depicted by the UK labour laws. 3.3 Effectiveness of reward systems To ensure that workers are focused at attaining their goals as well as the objectives of the entire organisation, it is imperative for employers to offer rewards that are intrinsic or extrinsic in nature. Through adoption of an effective rewards system, human resources managers play vital roles of retaining the loyalty of the employees and improving their performance. Some of the primary objectives of a reward system include motivating the workers, retaining productive labour force, responding to organisational skills as well as informing the potential and existing employees about the organisational values that attract high rewards. One of the notable UK Company that has put in place an effective reward system is Tesco supermarket. Being the second largest supermarket in the world after Wal-Mart, Tesco controls 36% of the UK grocery market. One form of a reward adopted by Tesco is training and development of its employees. In this way, all members of staff are given an opportunity to advance their career while working in the company. To make the training flexible, Tesco offers Apprenticeship and Options Development Programmes (Carolyn, 2011, p 3). Protecting employee’

Iranian Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Iranian Revolution - Essay Example It all started in 1974-75 when the Shah of Iran was informed of the Bathist regime in Baghdad. They were known to be supplied by weapons from the Soviet Union for controlling the northern Gulf their own way. Iran supported and funded the Kurds to rebel against Iraq to weaken them. He also provided sanctuary to Iraqi Kurds in Iran. Algiers agreement was signed in 1975, in order to redefine the boundary of Shatt al Arab. Shatt al Arab is found in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The river also forms a border between Iran and Iraq just when the river discharges into the Persian Gulf. Two Iranian cities, Abadan and Khorramshahr, and the Iraqi city of Basra are located on the coastline of this river. One of the factors for the Iran-Iraq war was disputes on territorial claims. This waterway served as source of peace agreement between ancestors of Iran and Iraq. But Saddam Hussein violated the rules in 1980 and tried to invade the waterway and bring in into the Iranian territory. It also dislocated as many as 250,000 Kurds from their homeland. It can be related to the Israeli policies against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip for over forty years now (Abrahamian, 2008). The outrage was set ablaze once again between Iran and Iraq with the onset of Iran Iraq War in 1991. ... The issue was propagated as Iraq being the Shia side of Islam and Iraq legalized as the Islamic republic of Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini made a direct appeal for the Iraqi Shia community to put an end to the rule of Saddam Hussein and bring forth an Islamic Republic. Saddam Hussein decided to bring a downfall to his government before he could get his power back. His decision had the support of US, oil-rich producers if Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and some Gulf states who did not like Khomeini’s revolutionary Islam. The invasion of Iran by Saddam Hussein continued to be a horrible long war costing many thousands of billions of dollars and much causality. Iran fought fearlessly for their rights. The war had crippled the Iraqi oil industry and reduced income levels. All in all, the conflict was a horrible one with thousands of lives lost during the years 1982-1988. Iranian war dead estimates were about 262,000 and those of Iraq were 105,000 (Wright, 2005). There were certain goals that the United States had for the Iraq war in 2003. They wanted to demolish a regime from Iraq that they believed was to develop and utilize weapons of mass destruction which further gave shelter and protection to terrorists who tend to give way to human right abuses. The US was of the opinion that all this did injustice to the United Nation’s demands and that Iraq must compel to the international regulations and obligations. This invasion was further backed up with the view that the present ruler of Iraq, Saddam Hussein was giving initiative to those weapons of mass destruction which was a big threat to the security of the neighboring countries and to the world as a whole. There were

Daoism as a way as systems thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Daoism as a way as systems thinking - Essay Example ophers from the nearest past made conclusion that forwarded them to system thinking: we are surrounded by interdependent natural and non-natural systems. Complexity of our lives makes us to face great number of natural and non-natural systems, which are often difficult for our understanding but we cannot escape from their effect. To generalize, we can say that our live is a period when we learn how to face, co-exist, comprehend or overcome systems that creates problems on our way. So we watch and deal ever changing systems that form us and we form them. As mentioned earlier system thinking appeared long ago it was defined in 1956. In the essay I will turn to system thinking in Daoism and how the ideas touches modern world. I will overview the following points in Daoism in terms of system thinking: nature, human being, technology, and organization. Daoism is often considered to be an important argument when talking about nature and environmental problems. And it is quite true, if you overview different world wide religions, as Christianity or Islam, you are unlikely to find so many statements about nature and importance of nature in the system of human life. Therefore Daoism it taken as a first source of ecological research and promotion of co-existence with nature in the world complex. Though environmental trends in Daoism have been revealed only recently and up to the 80s texts of the Daoist teachers, e.g. Daode jing and Zhuangzi were only magical and mystical for the common public, only in-depth research of the text and in some way fashionable feng shui trend in the western countries, helped to show the public that Daoism was on much extent study about fears what human activity could do with nature and why people had to think before proceeding with any actions on the natural sites. The Taoist philosophy doesn’t take nature as a whole substance; Daoism treats it as a complex of elements that creates a whole system. In Daoism elements of nature are considered

U07d1, u07d2, & u07d3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U07d1, u07d2, & u07d3 - Coursework Example At that point, Mars will be a reasonably habitable world for a few billion years longer. As the sun grows ever hotter and its diameter begins to expand, Mars will enjoy ever more abundant solar energy resources, as well as milder surface temperatures. Of course, with its puny atmosphere and total absence of any planetary magnetosphere, it will offer little protection against the eruptions of radiation from the increasingly bloated solar corona, but underground habitats on Mars should be quite sustainable for a very long time. About 4 billion years from now, the Sun will become a full-blown red giant, with a diameter large enough to swallow the Earth. At that point, there might be some viable space colonies maintainable in the asteroid belt. The Sun will be blowing off huge clouds of its outer atmosphere and the attendant radiation will make it rather a toxic environment for life; the vast amounts of electrically charged plasma flowing outward from the sun, and the contorted magnetic fields accompanying it, would also make things difficult for any unshielded electronic devices. Also, the massive outflows and increased radiation output from the Sun are likely to destabilize the Kuiper belt, and send lots of new comets zooming through the inner solar system, and smashing up the inner planets (Mars included). But of course, eventually the solar system will have to be abandoned altogether before the Sun finally goes nova and shrinks down into a white dwarf. With no nearby planets left (all swallowed by the Sun during its red giant stage), the remains of the solar system will become frigid and pretty much uninhabitable. Hence we can say that the migration of life away from the Sun will be gradual. Sun's activity will "squeeze" life out toward the outer planets and from there onward toward nearby solarsystems. 2. "Unknowingly, we plow the dust of stars, blown about us by the wind, and drink the universe in a glass of rain." —Ihab Hassan, Egyptian theorist. What does this quote mean to you? How is it, or can it be, related to astronomy, and to what you are learning? To me there is no greater mystery than the fact that we inhabit a universe so incomprehensibly vast, yet so devoid of obvious signs of intelligent life.   There is something so haunting about this immense emptiness; it is as if we have lit a candle in the dark, only to discover that what we thought was a cozy hut built just for us is really a yawning, alien cathedral without worshippers, architects or gods.   Galaxies swarm around us like fireflies in every direction, containing billions of trillions of suns, untold quadrillions of worlds across billions of years in time.      While the â€Å"cosmic shock† problem has been tackled by many other serious thinkers since those early visionaries of the post-Hubble age, it remains essentially unsolved.   Perhaps it will require a mystic — some modern Buddha or Mohammed, meditating in a metaphorical cave, conte mplating the mysteries of the universe revealed by science — to arrive at some new set of revelations for our cosmic age.   That may sound like dangerous nonsense to some, but stranger things have happened before.  Ã‚   Scientist-mystics like Sagan and Clarke have come as close as anyone to make us feel at home in this strange Cosmos, but the Great Silence still looms.   Perhaps if there is  contact and childhood’s end  there will be a resolution to this crisis; until then we are left speculating, wondering and groping for

Zara Industries Case Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Zara Industries Case Analysis Assignment - Essay Example Ferdows, Lewis, and Machuca suggest customers purchase clothing from Zara as a response to the unique retail store experience. The fashions are presented in a spacious store, averaging approximately 1,000 square meters, but in limited supply. For example, they may display just one of each size of a given style of pants, so the customer feels as though they must buy the clothing or miss out on the opportunity (Ferdows, Lewis, and Machuca). 2. How does the design function at Inditex differ from similar design shops at H&M and GAP? Explanation Zara has its supply chain completely under control. The company is able to have its inexpensive, fashionable clothing styles from the designer to the retail location in about two weeks (Capell). It typically takes GAP 9 months for clothing styles to make it from design to retail. H&M on the other hand takes approximately 20 days to get its designs into its stores; because like Zara, its costs are under control and the supply chain is very tight (L arenaudie). Impact on Costs and Profit Approximately 70% of the compensation paid to sales managers working in the Zara retail locations is based on commission. This is an incentive for them to accurately identify trends on a daily basis to inform the 300 designers what is hot at the moment, and what is not selling very well (Capell).

Assignment 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment 1 - Research Paper Example There was sanctification of the war against the heretics of the Christian church in Western Europe. These however were as a result of the successful Levant campaigns and expeditions. It is therefore worth noting that the success of the Levant’s Crusaders was important and instrumental to the developments that followed. The initial Levant crusaders emerged as a result of revival of the religious feelings as well as the missionary zeal that was evident in Europe during the tenth century. 1Personal, economic and political expansionisms are also thought to have resulted into the coming of the crusaders to Muslim Levant. During this time the crusaders were considered to be fighting the holy wars. The dominance of the worldliness spirits was a major contributor to the nature of holy wars. This is because the priests were seen as very powerful individuals representing the people in another world. In this perspective, they had a lot of influence on the western church as they represent ed part of the papacy’s secular policy that controlled the activities of the western church. However, the popes and the priests had certain reasons why they motivated their faithful to wars against the Muslims. The teachings by the priests and popes were influential since the believers and faithful perceived the war in a different perspective. Most of them believed that it was a direct way to salvation through pilgrimage. However, pilgrimage was not common among the believers since it had been taking place in the European continent. Pilgrimage was witnessed in the theaters where Christians and Muslims shared common frontiers. They included Italy, Spain, Asia Minor, Sicily and the sea. In Jerusalem, there were other groups under arms organized mainly for mutual protection. These represented pilgrimages in Jerusalem and its neighborhood as well and the powerful influence that pope and the priests had on the faithful. 2The other reason why the crusaders went on to Levant was bec ause of the belief that it gives an opportunity to divert the destructive war to a more useful purpose. The idea here is that the warlike energies are channeled away from the destructive endemic among the Christ people. This was good for the Christian community since it helped in the development of the new efforts to enforce God’s peace and truce among the believers, and fight the wicked. They believed that for an individual to proceed to the other world, one had to fight hard and win the war on earth. Fighting hard on earth as well as being obedience to the natural instinct was instrumental in helping the men gain the fruits of asceticism. The objective and the goal of crusaders were to spread Christianity at the available possible cost over the whole world. Generally, the major factor that contributed to the coming of the crusaders to the Muslim Levant was because of the strong and immediate policy that attempted to make Christianity universal even at the edge of sword in a ll parts of the world. The expeditions by the western church to capture and secure the Holy land resulted into the establishment of domains in Levant. This represents a broader struggle between the Christians and Muslims that tested the ability of each religion to control Levant. Christians thought the influence of the Muslim society in Levant

Children, Young People and Families Essay Example for Free

Children, Young People and Families Essay Case Study Four (appendix one) describes a family which due to multiple issues including separated parents with mental health needs, siblings living apart, aggressive behaviour and truancy they present an extremely complex case for any social worker. It focuses on the story of Callum and his current status with brief mention of his brother and two sisters. I will explore the legal and policy guidance along with relevant theories and values that would inform and guide social work practice in relation to Callum as the majority of the information relates to him. The Every Child Matters (ECM) Green Paper introduced wide spread policy change and was underpinned by law in the 2004 Children Act. The ECM requires that social workers support the parents and carers instead of removing children to long term care (Hodge, 2004). For example the ECM set out the agenda for the unification of local childrens services such as schools, GPs, social services and so on (Hodge, 2004). The idea of a holistic approach to a persons needs by removing the legislative barriers between inter agency information sharing, directs services to work together towards a mutual aim which is what is best for the child in this case Callum. Another key theme set out in the ECM is early intervention, which means that children should receive the appropriate help then need but when they need it. An important step in reaching this goal is the use of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF). For Callum and others the CAF aims to put their needs ahead of the agencies agenda (Gilligan, 2008). The entire process  should be guided by a lead professional whose job it is to lead and follow up actions with all agencies involved while being the primary contact for the child with the extra needs, this helps when a child is working with more than one professional as it can easily become disorientating and counterproductive for the child developmentally to be dealing with multiple professionals (Howarth, 2010). For Callum and his family the CAF would be used by the Local Authority (LA) to assess the needs of the children and the family as under S.47 of the Children Act they have a duty to do so (Calder and Hackett, 2013). Within the assessment three key areas are explored. Firstly Callums developmental needs, parental capacity which although his mother is currently unable to demonstrate capacity to care for Callum the new policy context assures that she will be fully assessed and supported where possible if it is in Callums best interests to have an input in his life. Lastly family and environmental factors (Calder and Hackett, 2013). The three core assessment areas are explored in more detail in the assessment framework triangle. During the assessment the social worker gains information required from individuals involved including family members and all supporting agencies. The plan is to build a complete picture that will allow the social worker to begin to look at different theories and research which may offer insight or explanation for Callums behaviours. Professor Nick Frost (2013) when discussing the lessons learned from a Serious Case Review echoes the findings of the Munro report (2001) stating that the decisions undertaken by social workers on a daily basis, often with very little time, are extremely complex and involve a high degree of uncertainty. This something that the CAF attempts to address as it is to be approached as a partnership between services the young people and their families (Calder and Hackett, 2013). Each of the three sections of the assessment framework triangle are gone into in much more detail and guidance for this is laid out in the CAF guidelines. In order to make use of the information gained a robust foundation of knowledge is required to deliver evidenced based practice. For example When looking at Callums Health are  all his needs being met to enable him to develop physically as he should. He is staying out late and not attending school so we can reasonably assume that he may not be getting sufficient food or rest. The medical model suggests that without regular and nutritious meals and adequate rest Callums physical development will be retarded (Cowie, 2012). This is a rather simplistic example though it effectively demonstrates how research directly informs practice. The new policy also calls for flexibility so that services can be provided parallel to the assessment process meaning that children and their families dont need to wait until after the assessment process to start receiving support (Calder and Hackett, 2013). When Callums physical needs are identified it is possible then without delay to for example refer him to his GP for an examination to assess his physical condition. Further along the childs developmental needs assessment we come to emotional and behavioural development which looks at characteristics like the childs temperament, self control and how they respond to stress. These are all heavily informed by a broad base of research and theories some of which have conflicting views on how certain behaviours can be explained (Calder and Hackett, 2013). Before I look at some theories that would inform practice in relation to the case study I think it is helpful to look at how Beckett (2006) explains how social workers find a solution by first seeking for explanations. This he says is looking at the information gathered from the assessment and trying to find a theory that we think fits and them apply the relevant intervention. He calls these past orientated approaches, in the case of Callum we look at his past to try and find out why things are the way they are (Beckett, 2006). Callum is displaying aggressive behaviour, he resisted foster carers and now that he is back in a childrens home he stays out on occasion with his father. Attachment theory has plenty of empirical evidence and suggests that Callum like us all is hard wired to seek a relationship with his carer, in this case the attachment with his father is still felt by him. Bowlbys (2005) work on attachment suggests that during our formative years we develop an internal working model (IWM) from our initial  attachments, the resulting quality of the IWM is dependent on the quality of the original attachments. In Callums case he quality of this attachment could be questionable. Cassidy (1988, cited in Cowie, 2012, p.49) Bibliography Bowlby, J. 2005. A secure base. London: Routledge. Brayne, H. and Carr, H. 2012. Law for social workers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Calder, M. and Hackett, S. 2013. Assessment in child care. Lyme Regis, Dorset: Russell House. Cassidy, J. and P. R. Shaver (eds). 1988. Handbook of attachment. New York: Guilford Press, pp.3-20. Quoted in Cowie, H. 2012. From birth to sixteen years. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp.49. Cowie, H. 2012. From birth to sixteen years. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Frost, P. 2013. Lessons From a Serious Case Review. Interviewed by Anne Llewellyn [in person] Leeds, 27.11.2013. Gilligan, P. and Manby, M. 2008. The Common Assessment Framework: does the reality match the rhetoric?. Child Family Social Work, 13: 177–187 Green, L. 2010. Understanding the life course. Cambridge: Polity. Hodge, M. 2004. Every child matters. London: DfES Publications. Horwath, J. 2010. The childs world. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

World History Essay Example for Free

World History Essay 1. What do you already know, or think you know, about Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? They had a lot of wars and disagreements. 2. In what parts of the world are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam dominant today? Christians are dominant in north South America; followers of island dominate north Africa, western and central Asia, and Indonesia. Followers of Judaism can be found most everywhere but are concentrated in Israel and North America. 3. How are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam related? They began in Southeast Asia. All three religions claim they began with Abraham. 4. How are the stories of Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad alike and different? Moses andJesus, are considered the founders of Judaism and Christianity respectively. Muslims of Arabic descent however, trace their roots, to Abrahams other son, Ishmael. His descendent Muhammad founded Islam. 5. After reading these excerpts, how do you think these religions compare? 6. What are the primary differences and similarities among the three religions? Why? Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the messiah or the son of God or that he was resurrected. 7. Why are some sites considered sacred in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? The holiest site in Islam, the Kaaba, stands at the center of the Masjid al-Haram mosque in Mecca. The mosque known as the Dome of the Rock sits where the temple once stood, the place where Muslims believe that Muhammad rose into heaven. 8. Why do divisions occur within as well as among the three major monotheistic religions? More than 50 percent of the worlds population follows Christianity, Judaism, or Islam. Christianity has approximately 2,286,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 33 percent of the world. Christians are concentrated in North and South America, Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Australia. Islam has approximately 1,524,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 22 percent of the world. Followers of Islam, known as Muslims, are concentrated in North Africa, Western and Central Asia, and Indonesia. Judaism has approximately 15,000,000 followers worldwide. This is less than 0.25 percent of the world. Followers of Judaism can be found most everywhere but are concentrated in Israel and North America. Buddhism has approximately 484,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 7 percent of the world. Buddhists are concentrated in China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Korea, and Japan. Hinduism has approximately 901,000,000 followers worldwide. This is 13 percent of the world. Hindus are concentrated in South Asia. Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the messiah or the son of God or that he was resurrected. Muslims follow the Five Pillars of faith. These are the declaration of faith (shahada), prayer (salat), almsgiving (zakat), fasting (sawm), and the pilgrimage (hajj). Followers of all three religions practice some type of fasting Sabbath All three religions honor a weekly holy day, typically involving prayer and worship with other followers. Christians believe in the sacraments as a process for preparing each believer to join God. Among these are baptism, by which people agree to worship God and become Christian. All three faiths hold that humans have a soul that will be judged when their bodies die Neither Jews nor Muslims are permitted to eat pork. They also have certain processes for preparing food properly, called kosher in Judaism and halal in Islam. Jews, Christians, and Muslims all believe in one, and only one, god The Star of David, also known as the Shield of David, has stood for Judaism from as early as the 11th century. The star has 12 sides for the 12 tribes of Israel. Jewish congregations are led by rabbis. in Christianity, the cross became a sacred symbol when Jesus was crucified. Its a symbol of his sacrifice and the resurrection. Christian congregations are led by priests, minister, or pastors. The star and crescent has roots that reach back to pre-Islamic times, but today it is a symbol of Islam. Muslim congregations are led by imams. n the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, a cenotaph, or empty tomb, stands over the place where Abraham is believed to have been buried. Also in Old Jerusalem, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is believed to be the location of Jesus crucifixion, burial, and resurrection. One of the oldest churches in the world, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem marks the location where the gospels of Matthew and Luke indicate Jesus was born.

The Electricity Company Of Ghana Action Plan Finance Essay

The Electricity Company Of Ghana Action Plan Finance Essay Electricity generation, transmission and distribution in Ghana mainly involve three institutions that work in an interrelated manner. Volta River Authority (VRA) generates the electric power through hydro and thermal plants and, until recently, also had responsibility for the high voltage transmission system. The Ghana Grid Company (GRIDCO), created as part of reforms in the power sector, now has responsibility for the high voltage transmission so as to have that separated from generation entities. It is the least known of the institutions. The Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) distributes the energy produced to most consumers through low voltage transmission lines. It is the institution that is in direct contact with most of the public. Figure 1 below shows the main processes of the power distribution in Ghana. The ECG is a limited liability company owned solely by the Government of Ghana and has the responsibility of supplying and distributing electrical power in the southern part of Ghana. It was established in November 1997 as Joint Stock Company based on the companies code in accordance with the 1993 Corporate Act (Act 461) of Ghana. The company has its headquarters in Accra, a total workforce of 5,281 with a customer base of 1.7 million (ECG annual report 2008). Vision The ECGs vision is to be among the leading electricity distribution companies in Africa in terms of quality, safety and reliability. Mission Statement The mission statement of the company is to provide quality electricity services to support economic growth and development in Ghana. The primary objective of the company is to supply electrical energy to people in its areas of operation. In discharging its various duties, the company has executed a number of national electrification programmes on behalf of the government. The ECG is a monopoly in the electricity distribution sub sector of Ghana. The tariffs that clients pay for the supply of electricity services are regulated by the state owned company called Public Utility Regulatory Commission. The ECG charges commercial rates to its clients which are subsidized by government. Organizational structure The company is run by the Board of Directors, Principal Officers and Advisors. The companys Board of Directors are appointed by the Government of Ghana. The Principal Officers and Advisors control and run the eight directorates of the Company. These directorates are Engineering, Operations, Customer Services, Materials Transport, Finance, Audit, Legal Services and Human Resources. Figure 2 below depicts the organizational structure of the ECG. Fig.2: The Organizational Chart of ECG Board of Directors ManagingDirector rector Divisional Managers (3) Divisional Managers (6) Director Legal Services Director Customer services Divisional Managers (3) Employees Employees Director Human Resource Director Customer services Director Material and Transport Director Material and Transport Director Audit Director Finance Director Engineering Director Operations Divisional Managers (6) Divisional Managers (3) Divisional Managers (2) Divisional Managers (2) Divisional Managers (3) Divisional Managers (3) Divisional Managers (5) Divisional Managers (3) Lower managemt Employees LOwer Managemt Employees Lower Managemt employees Employees Lower Managemt Employees Lower managemt Employees Lower managemt Employees Lower Managemt Employees Lower Managmt Employees Board of Directors The Board of Directors as at 29th June, 2009 was composed of the following persons: Ing.Sqn. Ldr. Clend Sowu (Rtd.): The chairman of the Board. He is a Consultant Engineer and a Retired Military Officer. Mr. Cephas Gakpo: The Managing Director of the company Mr. Bernard Allotey Jacobs: A Media Practitioner Barimah Kwame Nkyii XII: Omanhene Assin Aimanim Traditional Area, Tax Ecpert. Dr. Kwaku Osafo: Economist/Engineer Mr. Samuel M. Codjoe: Lawyer Mr. Anthony Gyampo: Educationist Mr. Kwabena Adjei: Businessman, Communication Professional Hon. Dr. Nii Oakley Quaye-Kumah: Member of Parliament for Krowor Constituency, Veterinary Surgeon Mr. Jake Kofi Anre: A Lawyer and Secretary to the Board Directorates of ECG The Engineering Directorate is responsible for the planning and designing of the distribution network. The directorate is also responsible for the procurement and implementation of investment projects. The Operations Directorate is responsible for delivering quality reliable and safe supply of electricity to customers, maintain the network regularly in order to reduce the number of interruptions and outages, respond quickly to faults and use modern technology to operate the distribution system; Materials Transport Directorate has responsibilities of managing all activities regarding materials received for projects and other ECG operations. In addition, the department has to manage all operations regarding Transport (Vehicles). Customer Services Directorate has responsibilities of gathering all information about Power Purchases, Power Sales, Average End-User-Tariff (EUT), System Losses, Revenue Collection, debtors position at the end of each year and customer population. Audit Directorate is responsible of operational, commercial and financial activities of ECG. With Technical Audits, physical inspections and reconciliation of materials usage are carried out. The directorate is also responsible of Audit investigations on fraud and corruption. Lastly, it support Management about operational activities and give directives to address them. Legal Services provides legal services to the ECG. The Director is the Secretary to the Board of Directors and maintains a Board Secretariat to provide secretarial services to the Board of Directors. He is involved in the prosecution of people involved in the illegal activities against the ECG to reduce system losses. Finance Directorate has responsibilities of analyzing and reviewing financial data, reporting financial performance, preparing budgets and monitoring expenditures and costs for the ECG as a whole. Human Resources Management Directorate has responsibilities in the following areas: Staffing (Employment and Recruitment, Personnel records, Compensation); Training and Development and Industrial Relations (Health and Safety). The ECG is a Strategic Enterprise in the sense that it is the only electricity distribution company that supplies electricity to the whole of Ghana. Secondly it offers employment to over 5,000 Ghanaians, making it the largest employer in Ghana. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS The analysis of the performance of ECG as described below is based on available information up to year 2008. The Impact of Global and National Forces on ECGs Operations The worldwide economic recession (Credit Crunch) affected both the economy of Ghana and ECGs operations. The year saw rapid hikes in crude oil and metal prices which resulted in the high cost of power generation from thermal sources and sharp increases in the cost of materials and equipment required for capital investment projects. The Ghana Cedi also depreciated against the major world trading currencies especially the US Dollar, the Euro, and the British Pound. Since most of the inputs for ECGs capital investment projects were imported, prices consequently increased relative to energy sales which were generally denominated in the Ghana Cedi. The cost of investment projects therefore increased from 12% to about 20%. The U.S dollar for instance appreciated in value against the Ghana Cedi from a rate of $1: GHÂ ¢0.92 in July 2007 to $1: GHÂ ¢1.49 in June 2009Â  [1]Â   The inflation rate in Ghana also contributed to the high cost of operations and subsequently affected the companys profitability. The inflation rate has increased over the period from an average of 10.73% in 2007, 16.46% in 2008 to 19.86% in 2009. This resulted in increases in labor cost and other local raw material inputs. Details of the inflation rate is attached as appendix 1 Financial, Operations and Human Resources Performance Profit and Loss The ECG has made an operating profit of GHÂ ¢25,089,202 in 2008. Prior to this year, the company had been making losses. In 2006 and 2007 for example, the net operating losses were (GHÂ ¢3,429,300) and (GHÂ ¢8,657,716) respectively. Current Assets The stocks level at year 2008 was GHÂ ¢135,851,792. This was an increase of 99.8% over year 2007 figure. The Accounts Receivables also increased by 50.5% to GHÂ ¢258,033,418 in 2008. The table below depicts the status of the Current Assets of the company over the three year period from 2006 to 2008. Current Assets 2008 GHÂ ¢ %age change 2007 GHÂ ¢ %age change 2006 GHÂ ¢ Stocks 135,851,792 99.8 67,999,841 39.3 48,800,300 Debtors 258,033,418 50.5 171,411,587 16.2 147,503,100 Prepayment 8,323,294 184.6 2,924,574 48.4 5,665,800 Short Term Investment 16,358,519 108.5 7,845,126 12.0 7,002,600 Cash and Cash Balances 49,473,765 42.6 34,690,929 16.4 29,796,100 468,040,788 64.3 284,872,057 19.3 238,767,900 The increases in the stocks and debtors depict a weak inventory management and credit policy of the company. Debtor/Sales Ratio The Debtor/Sales ratio which is an expression of customer debt in days of billing was 130 days in 2008. It deteriorated from 138 days in 2006 to 162 days in 2007 representing a decrease of 17.4%. Although there was an improvement from 162 days in 2007 to 130 in 2008, the figure is still too high. Loans and Suppliers Credit The ECG through the Government of Ghana has secured the following loans and credit from the World Bank and other suppliers for investments in its distribution network. This has increased the companys debt situation tremendously. DSUP $15m financed by IDA, ECG (2003-2007) GEDAPÂ   $94.5m financed by IDA and partners, AfDB, ECG, (2008-2012) GEDAP Extension $70m for Ashanti Region, financed by IDA (2010-2014) French credit Euro 65m for Tema and Kumas. Financing from the french govt. (2008-2012) Norwegian credit Euro 60m for Greater Accra and Eastern regions. Financing from the Norwegian govt. (2008-2012) El Sewedy credit 16.5m from El Sewedy TD (2010-2011) As at December 2008, an amount of GHÂ ¢171.92 million was outstanding in suppliers credit. Systems Losses System loss is a power loss in its course from the source to end users. In 2007 the systems loss was 24.03%. This increased to 25.58% in 2008 as result of poor transmitting system and also theft through illegal connections. The ECGs performance in this area is declining and this is adding onto the cost of operations of the company. The table below shows the trend of the systems losses over a three year period from 2006 to 2008. System losses units (GWh) Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Purchases 5045.4 5252.8 5145.6 5799.4 Total sales 3762.0 3978.4 3909.1 4315.8 System losses in % 24.26 24.03 25.58 Human Resources Capacity ECGs staff strength at the end of the year 2008 was 5,281. This was an increase of 6.07% over year 2007 figure of 4,929. Staff turnover over the year period is showed in the table below. Employee turnover Year 2006 2007 2008 Employee turnover 3.02% 3.27% 3.53% The percentage of employee turnover increased from 3.27% in 2007 to 3.53% in 2008. The reasons assigned for this increase upon our investigation are lack of motivation and incentives to the employees. Evaluation of ECG This section of the Plan tries to come out with a range of expected fair market values for ECG incase the government find it necessary to privatize it. The main purpose of this evaluation is to give all stakeholders especially government and management of the company a fair market range of values within which the ECG can be sold. ECG, as already mentioned above is a public monopolist and as such not listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). As a result of this, the market Comparison Method of evaluation can not be used. The only feasible formulas to use would be the Asset Appraisal Method and the Discounted Cash Flow Method. Asset Appraisal Method This method involves revising all the asset and liabilities of the company including Goodwill. Using the 2008 audited financial report of the company, we can easily get the values of the asset and liabilities of the company at Net Book Values (NBV) and not the Revised Values. Since we are not in a position to revalue the companys assets and liabilities we are solely relying on the NBV of these assets and liabilities. The NBV of assets and liabilities for the 2008 financial year were given as follow: 2008 GHÂ ¢ Current Assets 468,040,788 Fixed Assets Plant, Property and Equipment 1,171,197,452 Goodwill 2,021,653,890 Total Asset 5,008,661,390 Less Current Liabilities (259,567,145) Value ECG 3,401,324,985 Calculating the value of Good Goodwill is calculated based on the Supper Profit Method. This involves determining a value for the expected future profit of the company. Here, some past profit of the collected based on the 2008 report and an average is taken. We then make adjustments to reflect future profits. Thus, expected future expenses and income are adjusted. Years Net profit/Loss GHÂ ¢ 1999 17365,259 2000 (7,583,807) 2001 152,973,046 2002 (451,974) 2003 (483,609) 2004 (269,686) 2005 (305,425) 2006 (475,200) 2007 (48,836,581) 2008 11,598,017 Total 123,530,040 Average profit for the 10 years = Expected Future Operating Expenses Looking at the operating expenses of the company over the years, the average expenses over the years is around GHÂ ¢6,574,530. Since expenses are expected to increase over the coming years, a 10% adjustment is made to reflect future changes. This 10% was chosen based on the increasing trend of operating expenses from 1999 to 2008. This brings the total future expected operating expenses to (GHÂ ¢6574530 +GHÂ ¢657453) GHÂ ¢7,231,983. Expected Future Income Again, looking at the operating income over the years, the average income for the 10 years is GHÂ ¢54,145,602. Since the expected income are expected to increase as a result of the stabilization of the Ghanaian Cedi against major foreign currencies, stable world price of crude oil, materials, and of course the discovery of crude oil in Ghana. Taking all these factors into consideration, a 15% adjustment is made to reflect these changes. Therefore the future operating income is (GHÂ ¢54,145,602 + 8,121,840) GHÂ ¢62,267,442 GHÂ ¢ The number of years of purchase which depends on the bargaining powers of both the government who is the owner of ECG and the would-be private investor on the reputation of the company. ECG, as earlier discussed, serves both the Ghanaian Economy and other two countries in West Africa (Togo Benin). It also has the potential to expend to other countries as a result of the discovery of crude oil in Ghana. With all the above reputations and potentials, we have decided to fix the number of years of purchase at 30 years. The Goodwill for the company would be Limitation of this method The value of the fixed assets used in the valuation might have some composition of non-productive assets and therefore would affect the fair market value of the company. Discounted Cash Flow Method This method takes into consideration the time value of money. Thus, discounted cash streams of future cash flow. Here, the first thing we do is to forecast the future cash flow by making adjustments to 2008 cash flow of the company. From the cash flow statement (2008), the net cash flow was GHÂ ¢15,819,658. Since cash inflows are expected to increase over the next few years due to expansion and reduction in operating expenses, an upward adjustment of 15% is made to the net cash flow for the next five (5) years. Thus, from 2008 up to 2013. Expected net cash flow from 2013 upwards can not be forecasted due to uncertainty. Discount Rate The company is at the moment using a discount rate of 10%. Due to the possibility of inflation and exchange rate fluctuations, have decided to fix the discount rate between 12% 15%. According to the discounted cash flow method: FMV = Present value of cash flow up to the terminal year + Present value of terminal value. Year Expected Net Cash Flow GHÂ ¢ 2009 18192607 2010 20921498 2011 24059722 2012 27668681 2013 31818983 Using the NPV formula which is given as: NPV =, we can now calculate NPV at both rates of discount (12% and 15%). NPV @ 12% = But Terminal = NPV = NPV (12%) = GHÂ ¢2,200,234,081 NPV @ 15% = But terminal value = NPV = GHÂ ¢1,708,064,531 Interpretations Since the Asset Appraisal Method gave us the highest value of GHÂ ¢3,401,324,985 it would be considered. We are therefore concentrating on the Discounted Cash Flow Method range of values to determine the value of the company. This therefore means that the value of ECG, must be in the range of GHÂ ¢1,708,064,531 and GHÂ ¢2,200,234,081. SWOT ANALYSIS The investigations conducted on the ECG revealed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as summarized in the table below. STRENGTH Competent Work Force High level of technical expertise Government Support A monopolist (large customer base) Facilities (i.e. warehouse) Availability of donor funds Installation of prepayment meters Customer Call Center Vast Distribution network system Low cost of production as compared to countries in the sub region Availability of electrical fault detection technology WEAKNESSES High turnover of professional and technical staff Uncompetitive conditions of services Lack of rule enforcement Poor Communication Lack of team work Not clear defined job descriptions Talents in the company not used to the best advantage No effective Research and Development (RD) Weak Inventory Management High network distribution losses Mismanagement of resources OPPORTUNITIES Potential to expand (nationwide and other countries) Potential of quality power delivery Political and Economic stability Staff training and development West Africa Gas Pipeline Oil discovery on the coast of Ghana THREATS Government Interferences Government determination of Tariffs Fluctuations in the exchange rates Effects of inflation Natural Disasters (i.e. rain storms) Increasing World prices of metals, materials and equipment WEAKNESSES OF THE THREE MAIN DEPARTMENTS THAT NEEDS TO BE RESTRUCTURING BASED ON OUR ANALYSIS MATERIALS AND TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT Weak Inventory Management Unstructured Procurement Unit Increases in the world prices of metals, materials and equipment Mismanagement of Company resources Effects of inflation on local procurement Fluctuation in the exchange rate OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT No effective research and development High network distribution losses Unreliable and low quality of power supply Inadequate training and development of operations staff Inadequate staff HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT High turnover of staff Talents in the Company not being used to the best advantage Poor Communication Lack of team work Uncompetitive conditions of service Lack of rule enforcement No well defined job description Excess labor force STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES Based on the SWOT analysis, the following strategic alternatives are recommended to bring about turnaround for the Material and Transport Directorates; Human Resource Directorate and the Operations Directorate. MATERIAL AND TRANSPORT DIRECTORATE Assets Reduction Strategies: Divesting Specific Assets Assets that are in surplus with respect to the future requirements of the company should be sold off. Unproductive and obsolete assets such as transformers, power cables, electric conductors and meters should be sold. Reducing Inventory Material costs should be reduced through improved buying practices, better utilization of materials and efficient inventory management. Inventory of the company such as transformers, meters, cables, conductors and wooden poles should be managed based on Vital Few Trivial Many Principle. This will help the company to avoid holding too much inventory, which is cost to the company and also prevent the company from holding too little inventory which can make the company loose customers. Not only that but also, the reorder level should be fixed between the maximum order level and the minimum order level to prevent the inventory from reaching the danger level. Reducing Debtors (Accounts Receivables) There should be a credit policy to help in the effective administration of the debtors. Customers credit worthiness should be well determined. Debts should be collected within 30 days. There should also be a debt recovery plan. Reducing Cost The Company should adopt Total Cost Management (TCM) control strategy as a way of reducing cost. There should be intelligent optimization and not just cost cutting in the areas of direct costs; overheads; procurement costs; production costs; selling and distribution costs; inventory costs; personnel costs. There should be speedy execution of contract bids and procurement processes to avoid additional costs being incurred as a result of lapse of deadlines. The introduction of e-Procurement should also be used to facilitate the procurement process. The company should also enter into forward contracts to reduce costs. Debt Restructuring Arrangements should be made for third party (government) to service the debt on behalf of the enterprise. There should be selective sale of assets and the revenue that would be realized from the sale of these assets should be used to offset the debt owed to suppliers. Legal Restructuring Specific legal steps should be taken to privatize the company. HUMAN RESORCE MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATE Organisational Restructuring There should be a merger of the engineering and operations directorates to ensure harmonization of action plans towards the achievement of corporate objectives. Information technology should also be used to make the hierarchical organizational structure flat. A strategic planning unit should be created and headed by a corporate strategist to lead the process of strategically positioning the company towards the achievement of the companys goal. There should be appropriate job descriptions, specifications and schedules matching with the qualifications, experiences and skills of employees so to get the best performance out of them. Furthermore, training and development should be a routine exercise for the company. Rules and regulations should be explicit, easily accessible and discipline enforced to ensure compliance with set standards. Labour Redundancy Management should develop a Redundancy Implementation Plan considering the economic climate and political mood of the country, since the implementation of the redundancy plan could be a complex and time consuming process. Staff Performance Appraisals methods such as the Balanced Scorecards should be used to identify and declare non performing staff redundant. Compensation packages should be prepared for such redundant staff, and contingency plans made for unforeseen circumstances in the event of strikes. OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE Physical Restructuring It is recommended that this Directorate should be merged with the Engineering Directorate to bring about efficiency and effectiveness. The size of budget for Research and Development should be increased. Investments in distribution networks should be increased to improve quality and reduce losses of electric power. There is also the need to improve upon the monitoring of customers consumptions to be able to detect theft of electric power. The technical staff strength should also be augmented and given the appropriate technical know-how so to be able to cope with the growing demands of the proposed merger of the Operations and Engineering Directorates. Safety equipment should be made available for the staff to use in protecting themselves in order to reduce the rate of accidents. Proposed Timeline for implementation of Turnaround strategiess TURNAROUND STRATEGIES 2010 2011 2012 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Discussions with Management Assets Reduction Reducing Cost Debt Restructuring Legal Restructuring Organisational Restructuring Labour Redundancy Physical Restructuring Conclusion ECG plays a vital role in the socio- economic development of Ghana and there is no doubt that any Turnaround would yield enormous benefits to the Ghanaian economy. Hence, for the above recommended strategies to bring about any meaningful Turnaround, it calls for commitment and support of management of ECG and the government of Ghana. Not only that but also, for efficient and effective implementation of the strategies, there is the need for expert knowledge and advice. It is therefore hoped that the necessary support will be given for the desired results to be realized in ECG. Privatization Option The public sector in Ghana has suffered setbacks which are largely attributed to ineffective and in efficient management. When we consider the case of Ghana Electricity Company, noticing the trend of losses of the company over time and the failure to meet the objectives or purpose of its formation, in view ,it is suggested that it would be better for the ECG to involve expatriates into their operations, this can be done by private sale of there shares to the foreign multinationals who have got the technical and financial knowhow and experience in the distribution of energy to buy into the private share of the organization ,Government should endeavor to have multinational partnership in the operation of the privatization by giving them of shares in the enterprises. There is need for good follow up on privatized enterprises. This would make the organization to be more effective and efficient in their operation. The federal Government should encourage this multinational to participation in the distribution of power in Ghana. This would be done by establishing a power sector reforms which will allow the involvement of foreign multinationals expatriates in the distribution of power. These reforms would include the provision the necessary Infrastructures which would enable the reduction in establishment costs, rationalization of power tariff, mobilization of private capital for power generation and transmission and lower capital-power generation ratio. In order to achieve these goals, distribution companies. A State Electricity Regulatory Commission would also be also set up to monitor the operation of the company. The desire to involve the private sector in the management and provision of infrastructure and services which will prompt multinational company to buy private share of the organization. . Private placement occurs when a company makes an offering of securities not to the public, but directly to an individual or a small group of investors. Such offerings do not need to be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and are exempt from the usual reporting requirements. Private placements are generally considered a cost-effective way for small businesses to raise capital without going public through an initial public offering (IPO) The ECG should sale 49 of its shares to a multinational partner would be able to participate in the core business of energy distribution in Ghana. Also the Government should provide

Views on Gay Marriage in Anna Quindlin’s Essay Evan’s Two Moms

The essay, â€Å"Evan’s Two Moms†, was written by Anna Quindlin and published in the 2004 edition of Good Reasons with Comtemporary Arguments. This essay takes a liberal point of view concerning gay marriage and the ability to raise a child in a gay family. Throughout Quindlen’s essay, her structure introduces ethos, pathos and logos through a variety of court cases to gain the readers trust; she appeals to both emotion and logic in her reader through passion and unwavering intensity, which disapproves of those who take a radical point of view about gay marriage. Anna Quindlen’s structure of â€Å"Evan’s Two Moms† provides the reader with explicit details concerning the debate about gay marriage. In Quindlen’s introductory paragraph up until the fourth paragraph, she uses pathos to draw the reader into reading more of her essay. â€Å"Evan. Evan’s mom. Evan’s other mom. A kid, a psychologist, a pediatrician. A family† (Quindlen 410), The concise statements build anticipation, which is concluded with what the writer wants the reader to accept as a fact; Evan and his two moms are a family. The example of the Minnesota appeals court gives a real life example of a gay partnership trying to earn the same benefits as spouses. When one adds a public event such as the Minnesota appeal court case to private struggles like those couples who have to go from lawyer to lawyer to approximate legal protections their straight counterparts take for granted, as well as those AIDS survivors who are shut out of th eir partner’s dying days by biological family members, only one solution is obvious (Quindlen 410). Here, Quindlen appeal to the readers emotions and captures the reader on a personal level by giving an example of a person who is being shut out of the... ...e sex were not entitled to legally commit themselves to each other† (Quindlen 411). The quote from Quindlen herself shows sarcasm and serves as a reality check for those who take a negative radical notion on gay marriage. She describes that twenty-five years from now, this debate will be as ridiculous as white and black marriage was twenty five years ago. In Evan’s Two Moms, Anna Quindlen incorporates ethos, pathos and logos to gain the readers’ trustworthiness and for them to agree on the way she feels about gay marriage. Also, her structure and tone show the reader that she has planned her argument and ties in court cases to support her argument. Quindlens’ tone and language also helps the reader to comprehend Quindlens’ argument and point that if two people are in love, no matter their sex, they should be able to live the same lifestyle as any other spouse.

Feminism Essay -- essays research papers

I have been exposed to many forms of feminism. Many different ideas, concepts, and situations have been brought to my attention, enabling me to formulate my own loose definition of feminism, and to take those concepts with me to utilize in my life as a woman in order to obtain the life I deserve. To first understand feminism, one must be aware of the factors and forces that made—and still make—the fight for women’s rights such a relevant necessity. For example, women are mistreated and undervalued in athletics. Sharon Lennon, author of What is Mine, was taught this lesson young, as an excellent female softball player on a male team. After asking to play catcher in a game, the coach responded, â€Å"All right†¦but you’ll have to wear a cup† (Lennon, 215). This continues through less attention and money allotted to female teams, as well as fewer and lower-valued scholarships for female athletes. In academics, women also suffer from sexism at the hands of sexist males in higher positions. In her essay High School Lowdown Miranda J. Van Gelder recounts numerous clear cut instances of such sexist acts as male teachers asking female students to lift up their skirts, making comments referring to the girls taking their ‘rightful place in the kitchen,’ and referring to girls by demeaning pet names (Van Gelder, 305). According to Myra and David Sadker’s â€Å"Failing at Fairness,† boys receive more challenging questions, more attention from the teacher, and more helpful feedback. From elementary through college, girls receive less and lower quantity instruction, fewer scholarships, and suffer economic penalties after college: ‘female’ jobs are poorly, while women in ‘male’ jobs are still paid less then men in the exact same jobs (Sadker, 90). Inequality is clearly and painfully evident in the workforce. Twelve million women work full time in jobs which pay below the minimum wage. White women received only 71.2% of a white man’s earnings as of 1995, while Hispanic and black women only made between approximately 53% and 64% of a white man’s salary (Wage Gap, 86). While women comprise up to 50% of professional employees, they hold less than 5% of the upper level and senior management positions. As Mary Mattis found out, â€Å"60% of human resource managers who participated in [her] study reported that putting women in line jobs was perceived as risky† (Lopez, 82). it can only be â€Å"pe... ...efforts, seeing more suffering than benefits, knowing the benefit will grace their posterity. These amendments and revolutions must also be in the benefit of a diverse group of women, embracing them all; otherwise, feminism could not be called a fight for women’s rights if it left any women unaccounted for and uncared for. women are separated when diversity is mishandled and ignored. Not all women’s experience are going to be the same, and just because they are not the same does not mean that one is not just as valid as the next. From this class and my comprehension of its content, I have seen my own compliance to patriarchal enforced ideals and I have begun to challenge that. My speech, thought processes, and confidence have already been effected and are reflecting the evidence of my new knowledge. I will push for what is withheld from me but that I deserve as a woman. I am holding me head higher, knowing that I am worthy of better treatment than I receive. I will stop visualizing myself as I appear to others when I walk into a room, analyzing my every move myself! I deserve to be respected, not treated as an object, either by strangers†¦.or myself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Spain Essay -- essays research papers

Spain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spain, a country occupying the greater part of the Iberian Peninsula, and bounded on the north by the Bay of Biscay, France, and Andorra, and on the east by the Mediterranean Sea. The Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa are governed as provinces of Spain. Also, Spain administers two small exclaves in Morocco—Ceuta and Melilla. The area of Spain, including the African and insular territories, is 194,885 sq mi. Madrid is the capital and largest city. Population The Spanish people are essentially a mixture of the indigenous peoples of the Iberian Peninsula with the successive peoples who conquered the peninsula and occupied it for extended periods. These added ethnologic elements include the Romans, a Mediterranean people, and the Suevi, Vandals, and Visigoths, Teutonic peoples. Semitic elements are also present. Population Characteristics The population of Spain at the 1991 census was 38,872,268. The estimate for 1995 is 39,276,000, giving the country an overall density of about 202 per sq mi. Spain is increasingly urban, with more than 80 percent of the population in towns and cities. Principal Cities The capital and largest city is Madrid (population, greater city, 1991, 3,010,492), also the capital of Madrid autonomous region; the second largest city, chief port, and commercial center is Barcelona, capital of Barcelona province and Catalonia region. Other important cities include Valencia, capital of Valencia province and Valencia region, a manufacturing and railroad center; Seville, a cultural center; Saragossa, and Bilbao (369,839), a busy port. Religion Roman Catholicism is professed by about 97 percent of the population. The country is divided into 11 metropolitan and 52 suffragan sees. In addition, the archdioceses of Barcelona and Madrid are directly responsible to the Holy See. Formerly, Roman Catholicism was the established church, but the 1978 constitution decreed that Spain shall have no state religion, while recognizing the role of the Roman Catholic church in Spanish society. There are small communities of Protestants, Jews, and Muslims. Higher Education Spanish institutions of higher education enrolled nearly 1.3 million students in the early 1990s. The major universities of Spain include the University of Madrid, the Polytech... ...ed the ETA, which stepped up its terrorist activities. Meanwhile, Catalans pushed for greater control over local affairs, and demanded greater language rights. The use of Catalan and nationalist sentiments increased in and around Barcelona. The Galicians consistently distanced themselves from Madrid, though ethnoregionalism remained weaker in Galicia than in either Catalonia or Basque Country. Suà ¡rez governed through consensus, consulting all nonextremist parties when formulating basic policy. Catalonia and the Basque Country were granted home rule, and their languages were officially recognized. The constitution extended similar privileges to 15 other regions. Thus, the movement toward political centralization begun by Ferdinand and Isabella some 500 years earlier was reversed, and a â€Å"Spain of autonomous communities† was created. In recent years, concerns over Spain's environmental problems have grown. The country has experienced increased air-pollution problems in Madrid and along the northeastern coast, water pollution in agricultural and coastal areas, and soil erosion. Controversies arose over rapid development along the Mediterranean coast and threats to scenic attractions.

Our Daily Bread Essay

Our Daily Bread, as the title suggests this is not about bread, as I hoped it was. Rather it’s about people earning their bread, their livelihood. The term ‘bread’ is derived from the larger term ‘bread-winner’ as the one who is the primary provider of the household, and the ‘daily bread’ is simply referring their daily livelihood. As my time spent in the US, I often used to wonder how the different food companies were able to produce mass amount of food to keep the population fed. This movie is the answer and the revelation of how food is produced in Europe and the Western hemisphere. The film starts off as we get a glimpse of daily sanitation rituals being carried off at a meat farm. The different scenes show us to transportation of livestock, machine assisted watering of plants, and a conveyor belt at a poultry farm where they separate the males from the female chickens (I know this as I have seen this done before in a different settin g). The machinery at poultry farm shows precision and efficiency as it sorts the young chicks into moving bins. The vaccination routine is also machine assisted which increases efficiency and production for the poultry farm. After few seconds, the young chicks have grown and we are shown the worker feeding them. The shot transitions into a break room where the worker is on a break with bread and tea, all alone. Next, we get the scene from a vegetable farm. A tractor picks the potatoes from the ground. Next shot, the workers prepare and wear protective gears to apply pesticides and fertilizers to the plants. But most of the work is done by machine assistance, needing almost no human intervention. It seems as the vegetables are being grown inside a greenhouse setting which allows vegetables to be grown all year long, without any weather restrictions. The only human labour being done is picking of the ripened vegetables. After work, the worker seem to be enjoying a small break, again alone. Now we see a bull and a cow where it seems breeding is in process. A closer look and we find that the workers are actually collecting the sperm. We find the sperm is transferred to medical examinations, I don’t kn ow exactly why but possibility could be to efficiently use the sperms to fertilize every fertile egg they can afford without any loss. And of course, we see a healthy calf being born. But it is pretty amusing to see how the cow was cut open and the calf was pulled out, how could that really be possible? How much medication could the animal be on since it wasn’t moving or making any noise as such? And are there any advantages of this type of birth for animal? Next, we see a series of shots of men in tractors who are doing farm work with machine assistance. This shows the efficiency that is earned by machine which helps humans achieve more with less time spent and more time to spend on luxury, or more work. We return back to the poultry farm, the egg farming room to be exact. The eggs are hatched and due to the design, they are conveniently accessible by the farmers to pick. A worker is shown to be holding a chicken as he walks around the egg farm, possibly to warn other hens who don’t lay eggs. In actual note, he maybe was checking for chickens which are dead. In the next shot, the workers are transported to a huge plantation to harvest crops growing under the ground, only time where tractors aren’t used. This is possibly the first time where machine use is limited to just watering the plants. Now we are shown our way to a pig farm. They are transported on a line into a machine where they are slaughtered by a machine. The human labour is limited to keep the line moving and in order. The machines are also used for most of the heavy work as boiling the skin and dissecting the pigs open. The human job is limited to cleaning up whatever else the machines may have left out and separating internal parts. We are also shown the marvel of modern technology with a biplane is used to fertilize the crops. There are also shots of heavy machinery usage in farms. Then we see a moving harvest truck where the outside workers are picking the vegetables and inside simply packaging them . Now we move to a cow-ranch. The cows are milked by machines in a rotating carousel. The cows don’t seem to mind so much, as it seems to be part of their daily routine. Next, a visit to the deep underground salt mines where machines are used to do most of the heavy work such as carrying out the salt from place to place and outside the mine itself. A transition moves from underground to underwater as we see a fish-farm where hundreds and hundreds of fishes are seen in a small area. This also makes it easier for the huge pipe to suck out the fishes from the water and into the boat. They are transported to a factory where humans align the fishes to feed into the machines. Apparently the machines haven’t learned to distinguish the fish head from the tail, yet. The fishes are cut and cleaned by series of machines and then moved onto another human where he puts them on another machine to move them to another section. Here, the worker seems pretty bored of the routine task he h as, perhaps feeling like the machine at this point because of his job task. Next we see bunch of workers cleaning the fish for final prep before shipping them out. Now we come to a pig-farm. The two series of shots seems interesting as the first represented insemination of pigs by tube and next shows the piglets born in captivity, just like ‘The Matrix’. Just like in the movies, they grow up and the next shot seems as if the male pigs were being castrated. One can only understand why so, as they don’t want to overproduce and give out the employees any bonuses. Or maybe not. The next series of shots show how chicken and cattle are prepared for consumption; as they are killed by the machines with little or less human effort required in the process. The final shot shows the end of the day routine- how everything is cleaned and sanitized for the next day of work. Despite all this, the workers in all places couldn’t wait for their daily bread, their hard earned break from their work. Perhaps the routine manner of their tasks has become so innate to them that they don’t seem to mind how their own food is being produced. For me, it was a bit amusing and shocking to see the conditions of animals but maybe after a few more views, I wouldn’t mind it either. This movie shows the heavy usage of machinery used in the production of food, be it salt, pigs, chicken, vegetables, fish, or pigs. It was also amusing, in a way, to see how breeding had gone into the next level by scientific usage to effectively get their result financially and also in economic ways to feed the ever growing world population. It seemed as almost if humans were not the only ones alienated from nature, but also the animals which were being artificially inseminated and mutilated against their wills. The workers didn’t seem to care much for what they were doing either, as long as it made their breads. It seemed as they had been trained to do this for so long that they were used to it- like machines with machine hearts and machine minds. In another view, the unnatural size of the bulls in the breeding house seemed as if they were so-much genetically engineered to produce the maximum amount of meat possible. Perhaps they had mixed something in the dry grass that was being blown into their small cages they were put-in. The growing population also has seemed to affect the unnatural process by which plants were grown with usages of pesticides and fertilizers. The use of greenhouses portrays, in a way, the plant’s alienation from nature as it was now possible to grow all plants in any weather or conditions. The absence of narration or subtitles leaves the movie-watcher to make their own conclusion and perspective. The filmmaker, as I understand, doesn’t want to change our habits but simply be aware of the ways in how the planet is being fed. If anything, this should be seen by as many people as possible to make them aware of the status of food production and the status of the subjects which are involved in the food production i.e. humans, plants and animals alike. I must say some of the scenes in the movie are quiet disturbing but that is the current status of our population and food production required to feed them.

Philippine Literature

A Brief archives of Philippine belles-lettres in slope I. Pre-compound period of time Consisted of too soon Filipino lit passed down oral examly oral trances thrust acommunalauthorship it was problematical to trace the veritable author of the piece since oral books did non center on ownership or copyright, rather on the act of explanationtelling itself Many oral pieces became lost in the wave of the fresh-fashi aned literary find brought about by the Spanish colonization however, according to theFilipino belles-lettres A History & vitamin A Anthology, incline Edition (Lumbera, B. amp Lumbera C. ), the pre-colonial percentage point of Philippine writings is considered the longest in the democracys history publications in this period is based on tradition, reflecting daily invigoration activities such as ho handlingwork, farming, fishing, hunting, and taking c be of the children as puff up Oral pieces told stories which explained heroes and their adven tures they attempted to explain definite natural phenomena, and, at the same time, served as entertainment purposes Pre-colonial lit showed indisputable elements that associate the Filipino flori shade to other south-east Asian countries (e. g. oral pieces which were per beed through a tribal dance lay down certain(a) similarities to the Malay dance) This period in Philippine literature history represented the ethos of the bulk before the arrival of a enormous cultural model literature as a cultural tradition, than a sour of art that had a particular none of decorum. Early Forms of Philippine Literature Bugtong (riddles a bugtong contains a metaphor c eithered,Talinghaga), Salawikain (pr overb) o Pre-colonial rime Tanaga (expresses a view or a value of the demesne), Ambahan (songs about childhood, hu populace comparisonships, hospitality sung by the Mangyan), Duplo (verbal jousts/games), Bayok (thoughts about love), Balagtasan (perform on stage) o Epic po esy amorous heroes and heroines that argon a reflection of the world as perceived by the early Filipinos. Notable workings of the Pre-colonial Period o Tuwaang, Lam-ang, Hinilawod, BantuganII. Spanish Colonial Period (Mid-16th latish 19th century) The Spanish culture, as reflected in the work of this literature period, showed a clashing with the pre-colonial Filipino literature in the beginning. provided, overdue to the length of stay of the colonizers, the Spanish culture was in the end imbued in the Filipino literature of the period Religion became an important prow that had influenced the early Filipino writings which had the armorial bearing of paganism Christian Folk-Tale In addition, the influence of religion, besides on the daily life of the natives, was lead by the friar/missioner/parish priest who were appointed by the Spanish government Despite the goal of the Spanish government to turn the country into a full-fledged European colony, the Spanish inf luence ironically inspired a reclamation from the natives, which eventually turned into a diversity Yet regardless of the conflicts that plagued the relationship amongst the Spaniards and the Filipinos, a sense of guinea pigism was formed among the loaded, and had caused them to rise up to a nationalistic cause Theessaymusic writing style was recognise amidst the scene of editorial protest Jose Rizal and Plaridel (Marcelo H. Del Pilar) were among those who take in using the pen in voicing out the peoples cry instead of the s contrive gate of the roman alphabet that gradually replaced the alibata The Filipino literature of this period became the predecessor of legion(predicate) more literary work to conform to in the ages, wherein the theme of nationalism and liberty of speech would be evident. Philippine Literature and Art during the Spanish Period Pasyon and Sinakulo (religious gambols performed during the saintly Week) o Narrative Poems Awit Corrido o Komed ya a theatrical performance which captured the ideal European lifestyle as portrayed by medieval characters Notable Works of the Spanish Period o Doctrina Christiana (1593) the initiative discussion ever promulgated in the Philippines printed by the Domini atomic number 50 Press o whitethorn Bagyo Mat May Rilim according to literary historian, Bienvenido Lumbera, is the first printed literary work in Tagalog o Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong P.Natin na Tola (1704) eventually rivalred to as Pasyon, was pen by Gaspar Aquino de Belen an example of Christian house epic in which the passion of deliin truth boy Christ was compose in relation with the plight of the Filipino people who were oppressed by the colonizers, as sanitary as the values of a Filipino o Ninay (1885) first Filipino novel pen Pedro Paterno o Florante at Laura Francisco Balagtas Baltazar though in that respect ar symbols and themes which dictate the protest of the Filipino against the Spani sh regime, it is uncertain as to whether or non Balagtas had intended the issue which was subtly derived from his work since he left no notes or additional pieces hat whitethorn affirm the conclusion o Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891) Jose Rizal work which forced an impact on the national consciousness and love for ones country against the abusive government of the Spaniards o La Solidaridad Propagandist sunrise(prenominal)spaper. III. American Colonial Period (Late 19th Mid-20th century) The gradual worsening of the Philippine literature pen in Spanish The English actors line eventually became the medium of writing and instruction in schools As the Spanish colonizers left the country in accordance with the Treaty of Paris, the expression of nationalism and the desire to be hold of independence did not disappear vindicatory yet. Instead, these uniting forces geared into revolting against the peeled colonizers During the American colonization period, Philippine literature reflected the ethos of its people under a new role.However, these day-to-day experiences under a new foreign influence, as well as sentiments, were expressed through the English language The Spanish sarsuwela was eventually replaced by the dramatic event One major(ip)(ip) influence of the American occupation on the Filipino literature is its refining in the context of the cognitive content and the form. Furthermore, because of this broadened knowledge on the field of literature through the education generated by the American government, Philippine literature has become more than a tradition formed by culture. It has become an art which succeeding poets, fictionists, and playwrights quell to build upon and enrich in all generation Beginning with Rizals use of social realism as one of the major hemes for his ii major novels, the literature during the American colonization withal became an involvement, not just reflecting the Filipino experience a strengthened sense of nationalism deep seeded in the Filipino assumption and culture Unlike in the Spanish colonization period wherein female writers (e. g. Gregoria de Jesus) were overshadowed by their more dominant, male contemporaries as a result of the education hardly being provided to a selected and privileged most during the American occupation, women have had their opportunity to sharpen their talent by being enlightened on the craft. In addition, the ontogeny popularity of works written by Filipina writers is the result of the growing audience appreciating literature by females. Philippine Literature and Art during the American Period o Short Story o meter in English o Free Verse in Poetry o fun Notable Works of the American Period o Mga Agos sa Disyerto (1964) Efren R. Abueg, Edgardo M. Reyes, Eduardo Bautista Reyes, Rogelio L. Ordonez and Rogelio R. Sikat this mulct story anthology brought fiction into the age of modernness o Ako ang Daigdig (194 0) Alejandro G. Abadilla free poetise line poem o Sa Dakong Silangan Jose Corazon de Jesus a poem written in the vernacular http//lourdesbraceros. weebly. com/a- sketch-history-of-philippine-literature-in-english. hypertext mark-up languagePhilippine LiteratureLiterature(fromLatinlitterae(plural)letter) is theartofwritten workand can, in some circumstances, refer exclusively to published sources. The wordliteratureliterally sum things made from garner and thepars pro toto statuslettersis sometimes used to mention literature, as in thefigures of speech artsand letters and man of letters. Literature is parking arealy sort out as having two major formsfiction and non-fictionand two major techniques poem and prose.Literature may comprise of texts based on factual selective information (journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such aspolemicalworks as well asautobiography, and reflective essays as well asbelles-lettres. Literature can be classified according to historic periods, genres, and political influences. The fantasy ofgenre, which earlier was limited, has broadened over the centuries. A genre consists of artistic works which fall deep down a certain central theme, and examples of genre includeromance,mystery,crime,fantasy,erotica, andadventure, among others.Important historic periods inEnglish literatureincludeOld English, shopping centre English, theRenaissance, the 17th nose candyShakespeareanandElizabethantimes, the 18th light speedRestoration, 19th vitamin CVictorian, and 20th hundredModernism. Important political movements that have influenced literature includefeminism,post-colonialism,psychoanalysis,post-structuralism,post-modernism,romanticism, andMarxism. Literatures trinity main divisions When nearly people let out of literature they may be lecture about short-change stories, novels, poems, verse, odes, plays, tragedies, even limericks.This all-embracing variety of harm describing types of litera ture, at first, appears overwhelming. However figuring all of this out is change when you take into billhook that the menagerie of types begins with leash major paradigms prose, poetry, and drama. Prose Proseis derived from a Latin groundwork word,prosa, that means honest (other scholars argue that the root for prose isproversa oratio,which means honest discourse. Prose is generally delimitate as direct, frequent language presented in a square(a) manner. A dupe ofidentity by negation,prose is frequently specify as that which is not poetry. Prose demonstrates purposeful grammatic design in that it is constructed strategically by the author to create specific heart. Prose also containsplotand the legal tender record structures of plot. In most cultures, prose level tends to appear afterward a culture has developedverse. Prosegenresare many and varied, ranging from light fiction to romance. The major generic divisions of prose are * novel A lengthy fictitious prose n arrative. * novella A fictional prose narrative ranging from 50 to speed of light pages, most common in learning fiction and scout fiction. * short story a brief fictional prose narrative. tale A very brief visor of some interesting, usually humorous, event. Poetry Poetry, from the classicalpoeteswhich means means or creator, is a catch-all term that is utilize to any form of cadenced or metrical composition. slice poetry is considered to be a subset ofverse(and also considered to be superior to verse) twain are rhythmical/metrical. What distinguishes poetry from verse is its imaginative quality, involved structure, serious or lofty survey matter, or dread purpose. Most cultures first serious literary works are poetry (In western sandwich tradition, we need olfactory modality only as far as Homer and Hesiod).The purposes of poetry are utter to include 1. Adidacticpurpose, meaning that it aims to instruct the reader. 2. rummy sagacity that is not available in oth er genres. 3. To provide pleasure to the reader. 4. To gain vigor the reader to some higher insight or meaning. Drama Drama, is simply a work that is written to be performed on stage by actors. From the Greekdran, meaning to do, drama is thought to have developed from antediluvian patriarch religious ceremonies. For instance, Greekcomedyis traced to ancient fertility rites. disaster(which comes from the Greek wordPhilippine LiteratureLiterature(fromLatinlitterae(plural)letter) is theartofwritten workand can, in some circumstances, refer exclusively to published sources. The wordliteratureliterally means things made from letters and thepars pro tototermlettersis sometimes used to signify literature, as in thefigures of speechartsand letters and man of letters. Literature is commonly classified as having two major formsfiction and non-fictionand two major techniquespoetry and prose.Literature may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), as well as on original imagination, such aspolemicalworks as well asautobiography, and reflective essays as well asbelles-lettres. Literature can be classified according to historical periods, genres, and political influences. The concept ofgenre, which earlier was limited, has broadened over the centuries. A genre consists of artistic works which fall within a certain central theme, and examples of genre includeromance,mystery,crime,fantasy,erotica, andadventure, among others.Important historical periods inEnglish literatureincludeOld English,Middle English, theRenaissance, the 17th CenturyShakespeareanandElizabethantimes, the 18th CenturyRestoration, 19th CenturyVictorian, and 20th CenturyModernism. Important political movements that have influenced literature includefeminism,post-colonialism,psychoanalysis,post-structuralism,post-modernism,romanticism, andMarxism. Literatures three main divisions When most people speak of literature they may be talking about short stories, novels, poems, verse, odes, plays, tragedies, even limericks.This wide variety of terms describing types of literature, at first, appears overwhelming. However figuring all of this out is simplified when you take into account that the menagerie of types begins with three major paradigms prose, poetry, and drama. Prose Proseis derived from a Latin root word,prosa, that means straightforward (other scholars argue that the root for prose isproversa oratio,which means straightforward discourse. Prose is generally defined as direct, common language presented in a straightforward manner. A victim ofidentity by negation,prose is frequently defined as that which is not poetry. Prose demonstrates purposeful grammatic design in that it is constructed strategically by the author to create specific meaning. Prose also containsplotand the attendant narrative structures of plot. In most cultures, prose narrative tends to appear after a culture has developedverse. Prosegenresare many and varied, ranging from science fiction to romance. The major generic divisions of prose are * novel A lengthy fictional prose narrative. * novella A fictional prose narrative ranging from 50 to 100 pages, most common in science fiction and detective fiction. * short story a brief fictional prose narrative. anecdote A very brief account of some interesting, usually humorous, event. Poetry Poetry, from the Greekpoeteswhich means doer or creator, is a catch-all term that is applied to any form of rhythmical or metrical composition. While poetry is considered to be a subset ofverse(and also considered to be superior to verse) both are rhythmical/metrical. What distinguishes poetry from verse is its imaginative quality, intricate structure, serious or lofty subject matter, or noble purpose. Most cultures first serious literary works are poetry (In Western tradition, we need look only as far as Homer and Hesiod).The purposes of poetry are said to include 1. Adidacticpurpose, meaning that it aims to instruct th e reader. 2. Unique insight that is not available in other genres. 3. To provide pleasure to the reader. 4. To uplift the reader to some higher insight or meaning. Drama Drama, is simply a work that is written to be performed on stage by actors. From the Greekdran, meaning to do, drama is thought to have developed from ancient religious ceremonies. For instance, Greekcomedyis traced to ancient fertility rites. Tragedy(which comes from the Greek word