Global Sex Trade in Thailand and Dominican Republic Essay Example for Free

Global Sex Trade in Thailand and Dominican Republic Essay Prostitution which has been known as the oldest profession around the globe serves to be one of the immoral professions by most countries depending on their religion (Dr1. com, 2008). Mostly seen on developing countries, prostitution provides easy access to money as poor individuals lack enough opportunity to have better and decent jobs. Though developed countries also have prostitution on their dark streets, relative to developing countries, they have less case of prostitution or should we say discrete enough to bury this profession to the underground market. Needless to say, there have been theories explaining why developing countries have more incidence of prostitution as compared to those of the developed ones. Some market analysts say that it was all due to the intense policies that developed countries implement against prostitution while others suggests that it could be due to cultural differences between developed and developing countries. Poverty serves to be the primary reason why most people chose to enter the profession of being a prostitute. The prostitution industry greatly help the economy of most developing countries though it cannot be seen on their economic indicators since government officials do not include the income from prostitution into their GDP and GNP, rather, the benefits from the prostitution industry can be seen on the disposable income of those people that becomes prostitute. This improvement of disposable income of individuals in a given developing country would provide economic progress on its domestic market. Furthermore, prostitution also attract more tourist to visit a country thereby giving way for the rise of the concept of â€Å"Sex Tourism† which improves the national income of developing countries especially Dominican Republic and Thailand. Among those developing countries, the Dominican Republic and Thailand have rampant prostitution on the streets as compared to other countries. Incidentally, this paper aims to determine the difference between the sex tourism in Dominican Republic and Thailand as well as the respective government policies that both identified countries implements in order to combat prostitution into their country. Sex Tourism in Dominican Republic Among the countries in the Caribbean region, the Dominican Republic serves as the primary destination for female sex tourism and tagged as the â€Å"single man’s destination†. Most of the prostitutes in the Dominican Republic are still minors and roughly equal to 25,000 in number. Some of the sex tourist destination in Dominican Republic would be the Rio San Juan, Cabarete, Sosua, Laperon, and their capital city Santo Domingo which accounts to roughly 50,000 prostitute women including underage prostitutes (Paralum. com, 2008). Most of the tourists in the Dominican Republic come from developed countries like United States and United Kingdom to name a few. It is already normal to see a foreigner from a developed country being accompanied by Dominican women. Prostitution seems to be socially acceptable in the society of Dominican Republic. Like for instance, it is normal for most of the bars to have waitresses that also offers sex service to their customers as well as they also tend to dress skimpy dress in order to attract tourist to go to their bar. Local police officers just let this kind of situation in exchange for bribe from the owners of the bars and stores on the â€Å"hot spots† of Dominican Republic. Furthermore, it is not only the local police that accept bribes from the owners of bars that also offers sex service, local authorities and some top government officials do accept payments from the bar owners in exchange for the latter’s safety from lawful dilemma (O’Connell Sanchez-Taylor, 1995). Most of the bars that offers sex service in Dominican Republic can be found on its shorelines and beaches. Last 2004, around 3. 4 million vacationers went to Dominican Republic which most of them only go after the prostitution industry on the said country (Gvnet. com, 2008b). This large number of tourist that visits Dominican Republic just for some flesh are too alarming since there is a high chance for various sexual diseases to spread across the said country. It was identified that Dominican prostitutes prefer not to use condom and will have sex on their clients on two hours for just 300 Pesos (Cohen, 2006). The main reason of most Dominican prostitutes why they entered such profession would be primarily because of poverty and lack of better job opportunity in the Dominican Republic. With the increasing need for sustain their basic necessities; Dominican women have no choice but to embrace prostitution as the main source of their income. Foreigners pay higher as compared to local customers of Dominican women and girls thereby giving way for the latter to attract more foreigners as their client which at the end of the day would increase the number of foreign visitors to Dominican Republic for its sex tourism. Just like most of developing countries that suffers to rampant prostitution, the main factor that triggers Dominican women and girls to enter such profession would be poverty and lack of better job opportunities. Furthermore, aside from poverty and lack of better job opportunities, another reason why Dominican women and girls enters prostitution would be due to lax policies and regulations on the part of the Dominican government officials. Known as one of the top corrupt countries around the globe, Dominican Republic government officials tends to let the booming of sex tourism on their country in exchange for some bribe from the owners of bars, and traffickers of prostitutes in Dominican Republic. Actually, there are two types pf prostitution in Dominican Republic. The first type would be the prostitution within the Dominican Republic while the second type would be the prostitution of Dominican Women and girls to other countries like United States, United Kingdom and Netherlands to name a few. Like for instance, around 10 percent of the total visas issued to Dominicans each year are for prostitution. Furthermore, there are around 50,000 Dominican women around the globe that serves to sex industry and this is the fourth highest number in the world after Thailand, Brazil, and Philippines. The extensive corruption on the borders of Dominican Republic contributes for the easy migration of Dominican women and girls to other countries for prostitution. Despite of the fact that most government officials of Dominican Republic that are corrupt and just ignore the sex tourism in their country, there are still significant number of responsible government officials in the said country, together with concerned citizens and Non-Government Organizations that works hand in hand in combating the worsening of prostitution industry in Dominican Republic. Various policies were passed in order to minimize the incidence of prostitution in Dominican Republic like the Code of the Minors which protects the rights, welfare, and interests of children and adolescents which the government will primarily provide (Ecpat. net, 2005). This Code of the Minor should minimize the number of minor that enters the profession of prostitution Furthermore, with the increasing concern from the global community some of the Dominican Republic officials are being forced to arrest and raid areas where prostitutions houses like in motels, bars, and other â€Å"hot spots† of sex tourism from the said country. With the efforts of the United States on providing aids to Dominican Republic in combating its rampant prostitution, still, the problem remains intact on the culture and norms of every Dominican women, girls, bar owners and foreigners as there will still be government officials of the Dominican Republic that continues to accept their bribes in order to let the operation of sex industry in Dominican Republic to continue. At the end of the day, it is clear that the efforts of various organizations and foreign government are useless unless the Dominican Republic government and citizen’s itself works hand in hand for the eradication of prostitution on their country. With poverty, corruption continues to exist on the systems of Dominican Republic it would be very hard to combat prostitution on the said country as prostitution already become part of its culture and norm. Sex Tourism in Thailand One of the impressive countries in terms of economic performance in the South East Asian Region, Thailand serves as the role model of its neighboring countries when it comes to attaining high economic growth and stable foreign currency in the international market. But despite of this economic success of Thailand rests a dim profession that most foreigners go after in search of short time pleasure. Sex tourism in Thailand, just like in Dominican Republic is also rampant on its streets as teenager prostitutes, most of them are college students, walks around tourist destination searching for prospect foreigner client. Actually, it is not only sex trading that is rampant in Thailand, exploitation, sex slavery and even organ harvesting are widespread on the streets of major cities of Thailand (LoBaido, 2002). Police officers tend to accept bribes from the prostitutes and traffickers in exchange for protection. Furthermore, policemen oftentimes are the one to perform exploitation to most Thai women; rape and other inhumane acts are being are just some of the dark experiences that Thai women and girls get from the streets (Sexwork. com, 1999). During the height of 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, a lot of households suffer financially which forces teenagers from college and high school to go for prostitution in order to sustain their education and their families (Gvnet. com, 2008a). As years past, after the said Asian Financial Depression, Thailand became known for its prostitution industry internationally. Large number of foreigners is visiting Thailand just for this human-flesh trading. Most of the Thai prostitutes hang up to malls, bars, streets, and even to motels and hotels wherein most foreigners can be found (Chirgwin, 2006). On the other hand, even after the recovery of Thailand from the 1997 Asian Financial Depression, prostitution remains intact on the streets and malls of major cities of Thailand. Not because these Thai women do not have enough money for their education and for their families but rather in order for them to sustain their luxury. With the rise of Thailand’s economy, various international malls wherein branded products dominate their market starts to made Thai college students addictive to shopping. In order to maintain this addiction of Thai women, they tend to go for prostitution. Furthermore, credit card industry in Thailand in the late 1990s starts to boom which forces every citizens of Thailand to avail credit card services. With this rise of credit card services plus the addiction of most Thai women to shopping, most them already have enough reason to embrace the profession of sex trading. Cyber sex and pornographies are starting to emerge in the Thailand underground market as credit card users can easily collect their payments online. Prostitution starts to become a part of Thailand’s culture since 1990s and it is already normal for a Thai college student to become a prostitute not because she is poor but rather in order to have enough money to sustain their luxurious cost of living. Bangkok, Pattaya, Phuket and Koh Samui are just some of the sex tourist destination in Thailand. In Koh Samui alone, there were around 10,000 prostitutes living in that area. If in Dominican Republic, motel, bars and beach resorts are the â€Å"hot spots† for human-flesh trading, in Thailand it would be the malls, saunas, and massage parlors. Furthermore, as compared to Dominican Republic, there are less minor prostitutes in the Thailand underground market for most of them are college students whose age ranges from 18-22 years old enough for them not to be considered as minors. In this regard, it is therefore clear that the present reason for most Thai prostitutes nowadays is not only mainly due to poverty but also due to the commercialization that is presently happening in the domestic market of Thailand. Most of the Thai prostitutes are college students that only want to have extra money to sustain their addiction to shopping and other expensive materials, while there are still significant number of Thai prostitutes that are not students and just go for human-flesh trading due to poverty and lack of better job opportunity. Furthermore, there are some Thai prostitutes expects for financial support from the men that they sleep with instead of the traditional concept of prostitutes like in Dominican Republic wherein paying the prostitute for her service would be enough and not financially supporting her. Despite of the rampant and negative connotation of prostitution to most countries, the Thai government is presently considering the legalization of prostitution to their country in order to combat corruption on its police force and government officials. Furthermore, the said plan for the legalization of prostitution in Thailand aims for increasing government’s income as government officials plans to impose tax collection to prostitutes on their country. Last 2003, the Ministry of Justice already posed its initial step for the legalization of prostitution in Thailand. Relative to other countries, the policies regarding the eradication of prostitution in Thailand is very lax just like in Dominican Republic since, as what has been identified a while ago, the Thai government plans to legalize prostitution into their country which would further boost the sex tourism industry in Thailand. Conclusion Despite of some similarities of sex tourism in Dominican Republic and Thailand, still, there are a great number of differences between these two countries that has been able to identify during the entire discussion of this paper. The effort of the Thai government to legalize prostitution makes the gap on the difference between the sex tourism industries on both countries to increase. Dominican Republic government officials do not have any intention to legalize prostitution into their country rather intensifying their policies in order to minimize the incidence of prostitution into their country. This really suggests that the Dominican Republic do not want to combat prostitution because if they do they will surely lose significant amount of bribes from the prostitute traffickers and bar owners. The increasing influence of commercialization to the domestic market of Thailand would just fuel up the rise of prostitution on the said country. At the end of the day, poverty remains the main factor for the existence of prostitution to most developing countries around the globe. References Chirgwin, V. (2008). Fact Book on Global Sexual Exploitation: Thailand. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www. uri. edu/artsci/wms/hughes/thailand. htm Cohen, J. (2006). The Sun The Sand The Sex. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www. sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/313/5786/474 Dr1. com (2008). Dominican Republic Prostitution. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://www. dr1. com/articles/prostitution. shtml Ecpat. net (2005). Child Sex Tourism in Dominican Republic. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from www. ecpat. org. uk/downloads/Dom_Rep05. pdf Gvnet. com (2008a). Kingdom of Thailand: Child Prostitution- The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. Retrieved April 21, 2008, from http://gvnet. com/childprostitution/Thailand. htm

Impact Of Mobile Technology For Students Information Technology Essay

Impact Of Mobile Technology For Students Information Technology Essay In todays world mobile devices are used as not only for communication tool but also it is used as other purposes like instant mail, uploading photos, SMS and digital library. In 19th century mobile are introduced only for voice call but now there are many features are implemented in the mobile devices so they can communicate and gets entertainment with new mobile technology like games, internet, mp3 player and videos. People can use mobile devices with new technology and they can use their mobiles in this way. According to Hosny, Mobile devices are of many types such as cellular phone, ipods, PDAs, wireless data networks and Bluetooth devices which are presently in the market. There are many mobile technologies which are used in the mobile education which are very helpful to the university students. The technologies are Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), SMS, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), 3G technologies, Bluetooth technologies and XML these are technologies which are used in the Mobile education. WAP, this technology is used in the mobile to connect the internet and access the internet. 3G technology provides high range of bandwidth so user can access the data very fast and efficiently. 3G phones provides in such way that mobile can be used as computer as we can see TV and read newspapers and digital books. XML language is a Meta language that communicates the data. It is used mainly to develop mobile applications. Introducing mobile technology like smart phones and e book readers in mobile devices helps the students a lot. Students can use their laptops in a particular environment like universities and classrooms but they can use their mobiles where ever they can. E books are those which are in digital form they can download and access the e books through their mobile devices. As these devices are portable and now a days most of the mobiles have Wi-Fi technology students can use their mobiles for personal use no one cannot use their mobiles without their permission. Students cant take laptops from one place to other every time. Students can use their mobiles for on-line bank transactions. Video streaming can also be accessed by using separate software in mobiles. Now implementation of new technology like Bluetooth they can share files from one mobile to other mobiles (Ling et al, 2002). With the new technologies that are implemented in the mobiles devices (blackberry and i-phone) are very useful for the university students. With Smartphone students can access e books that are very useful for education purpose and its time consuming. All the time students cant go the university library and access their computers. Students can store the course content information in their mobiles and retrieve the information about their course. When students are travelling in public transport if they want any information regarding student support services they cant open their laptops conveniently and cant access the internet but they can use their mobiles conveniently. As mobiles are light weight they can take with them anywhere. The main advantages of mobiles are they are not hyperlinked and they are network shared so people can access the data very easily. Students cant talk chat or video conference in flexibly because its private for them but students can chat with their mobiles mo re flexibly with their mobiles. Mobile learning is very useful to the university students because if students fail to attend a particular reason he can directly access the lecture in their mobiles but university must implement this technology so that students can benefit. Mobile learning helps the students to be flexibly in their learning. There is also disadvantage of mobile learning because university students cant to some practicals such as labs related to the electronics, VLSI labs, networking related labs. So students can start learning in mobile but not able to electronics and network related practicals. if they cant attend the university this shows negative impact on their studies and also people cant access more e books in mobile because of less memory (nor et al, 2006). Students who are using mobiles in high school stage can have negative impact on their studies and cant concentrate on their studies. High school students can misuse the mobile technology because they are very crazy about new technology mobiles. School students can easily addict to the games that are implemented with new technology (animated, bike racing etc) that will show a great negative impact on school students. School administrators should take care of not using mobile phone in their school because they cant concentrate on studies in the class room. Parents should take care of their children by not using mobile phones in nights if they addicted to mobile games they will not sleep in time and fell full stress when they get up in the morning. Mobile technology helps business people more compared to other category of people because business people travel more from one place to other place of business purposes. If there is no wireless networks in which they are travelling it is very difficult to access internet if they is also having laptops with them but there is no problem with the mobiles to access internet as mobiles are network share connectivity. Business people, if he is higher official in the organization if he cant give correct information related to business issues when is travelling this will lead to many problems in the organization but he can solve problems by new trend of mobile technology. According to the hosny and pagani all of them are mentioned about the positive impact of the mobile technology but there are many negative impacts of mobile technology. But people who are not aware of new technology cant use of mobile technology. If mobile phones are stolen all the sensitive information that can be taken that leads to many problems especially to business people. They mainly focused on advantages of mobile technology and they should have also focused on the disadvantages of the mobile technology (Hosny , 2007). 1.1 Draw Backs With the Mobile Technology for Students By using this, mobile phones emit microwave radiations to communicate with each other. By accessing internet in the mobiles there is scope virus threat which can affect the mobile devices and can lose the important data. Students can addict in using this technology which shows negative impact on their studies. While driving their vehicles people who are using mobile phones must be kept aside if they use those leads to accident sometimes. 1.2 Project Outline Research approach I follow to do my research is deductive approach. Qualitative method is used to study this research by conducting group of interviews to the people like university students, high school students and business people. I will collect the data by conducting In-depth interviews to university students and focused group interviews to high school students, common people and business people. I will select the university students because they can use the mobile technology more for education and entertainment purposes and high schools students because they are very crazy for use of mobile phones and business people because they use mobile phones for their business needs. I will collect the data from the different people how the mobile technology is used in their daily life. Qualitative method: I will conduct In-depth interviews to the university students and prepared some set of questionnaires which are yet be asked in the interview and I will use tape recorder as data collection instrument to collect the data from the university students. Data that I collected from the different people is answer to what is the impact of mobile technology on the students. Many university students have so many benefits of mobile technology and many students have some problems in using mobile technology. Implementation of mobile learning in the universities is a good idea to implement m-learning in the universities. Through m-learning, university students can listen to lecture class or tutor sessions through mobiles by using m-learning technology but students cant get the practical knowledge. With the introduction of GPS system in the mobile devices they can track any information about the university but it needs permission from the university but information can be acces sed for the particular student who is studying in that university. Many students use their mobiles only for entertainment and social networking websites and they could not be used as mobile education purposes. Students can lose their mobiles very easily and the important information can be lost with mobile it leads to many problems for the university students. Some students use their mobiles only for their daily life use but not for other purposes because they are not aware of new technology (Hosny, 2007). School students can use their mobile only for chatting, SMS and playing games with mobiles. Mobile technology cant be used for the education purpose because they cant concentrate on studies with the mobiles and they are diverted to entertainment purpose with those mobiles. I think school students use their mobiles only for playing games when they are free and not for any other purposes. Most of the students are not aware of the new technology and what software used in their mobiles. Common people who are using mobiles cant spend their day without the use of mobiles. Some common people who are working can listen to songs and play games in their mobiles when they are bored when they are travelling in public transport and some applications in their mobiles benefit a lot. Some of the old people can spend their day without the use of mobiles and by using mobiles they can have some impact on their health because of radiations from the mobile phones. There are many problems with this newly invented mobile technology because people are not aware of these new technologies and sometimes they can misuse these mobile technologies. Mobile battery should be manufactured in such way that battery should be charged so that users can use enjoy the applications in the mobile devices. Low effective battery cant give much life to the mobile devices. Security is main concern for every technology. If they dont provide more security, users cant buy mobiles which provide less security (Sattler et al, 2010). 1.2.1 Aim and Objectives Aim: The main aim of this paper is to do a proper research on the impact of mobile technology on the students daily life. Objectives: One of the objectives of this paper is to analyze the usage of mobile technology on the students. To find how mobile technology had impact on the people in the present world. To do a proper research on the mobile technology on all types of age people. Main concentration is how students are using the mobile technology whether they are having the good impact or bad impact on the students. 1.3 Research Questions Is mobile devices has the technology that supports mobile learning? How often do you use regularly students use mobile device (like using internet, MMS, SMS etc) for your course activities in class room in a day? 1.4 Deliverables: How Mobile technology has impact on the students Information which is gathered from the students need to be arranged in the structured format. Later on concentrating on each review proposed to do a research based on the opinions which matched mostly. Different types of method are concentrated on doing the research on the students. Suggestions are noted from the students on the impact of mobile technology. Previous researchers data related to the impact of mobile technology on the people need to be concentrated. 1.5Evaluation The new generation people are very much attracted to the web based resources, social networking and digital media. As the people are grown with the web especially students must be encouraged to use of mobile technology in their university campuses so that they can again diverse range of experience. Only some of the students are using new mobile technologies and other students are using only for making phone calls. Students who are not following the traditional process of learning mobile learning are very useful to those students. The main advantage of the mobile learning is students can access anywhere and at any time. Mobile technology is less cost effective compared to other technologies. Students can use SMS to answer there Quiz questions online with new SMS server is implemented in mobile devices this helps the students so that they can answer all the questions at any time instead of sitting at one place. But there are some problems with this as mobile devices have small keypad i t is difficult to type and they can enter wrong characters it leads to problems. People who are living in the rural areas can again many benefits by using mobile technology because in rural areas they cant have the broadband connection. People who earning less income and people who wants to save money they can use mobile technology as it is very cheap compared to other broadband technology. Compared to computers and laptops, mobiles have disadvantage because they have small screen resolution, less memory and battery life is low. This will show impact on mobile educational application which in turn affects the students. Mobile learning helps the students to be focused for long time, can raise their self confidence and can experience more learning on individual modules. 1.6 Research Methodology The procedure in which the information is collected and handled in the process of designing the desired system is the research methodology. The information set for the purpose of research can be generally categorized as: Qualitative research and Quantitative research. Qualitative research is defined as the research which aims to develop the understanding of how and why individuals and group of persons (social world) operate in a particular approach. Whereas the Quantitative research is defined as the research implicated or interested with the examining entities where the prevailed observations and measurements can make without prejudice and repeated by investigators. .

Hawthorne’s Style in Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Hawthorne’s Style in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         The style is â€Å"how speakers or writers say whatever it is that they say† (Abrams 303). This essay will present an analysis of the style found in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.†    First of all, the reader can notice right away that Hawthorne writes in a well-read and cultivated style, avoiding the use of profanity, vulgar language, or words offensive to the ear. Consider his precise word selection from an enormous vocabulary:    They continued to walk onward, while the elder traveler exhorted his companion to make good speed and persevere in the path, discoursing so aptly, that his arguments seemed rather to spring up in the bosom of his auditor, than to be suggested by himself. As they went, he plucked a branch of maple, to serve for a walking-stick, and began to strip it of the twigs and little boughs, which were wet with evening dew    Even the most emotional outburst in the entire story does not contain any language even remotely displeasing or uncultivated: "’Ha! ha! ha!’ roared Goodman Brown, when the wind laughed at him. "Let us hear which will laugh loudest! Think not to frighten me with your deviltry! Come witch, come wizard, come Indian powwow, come devil himself! and here comes Goodman Brown. You may as well fear him as he fear you!’"    Though he has obviously read widely, where are the references to the works Hawthorne has enjoyed? It is a feature of his style in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† that he does not allude to a single author or literary work. It would be so easy for him to do, and yet he restrains himself – for whatever literary reason.      Hawthorne’s style in this tale is, without a doubt, imaginative. Consider his description of the second traveler and his staff:    It was now deep dusk in the forest, and deepest in that part of it where these two were journeying. As nearly as could be discerned, the second traveler was about fifty years old, apparently in the same rank of life as Goodman Brown, and bearing a considerable resemblance to him, though perhaps more in expression than features. Still, they might have been taken for father and son. And yet, though the elder person was as simply clad as the younger, and as simple in manner too, he had an indescribable air of one who knew the world, and would not have felt abashed at the governor's dinner-table, or in King William's court, were it possible that his affairs should call him thither.

History of the Apollo Program Essay -- space shuttle program apollo mi

We choose to go to the moon... "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon, and returning him, safely to the earth. No single space project in this period will be more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult of expensive to accomplish."(John F. Kennedy - "Special Joint Session of Congress", May 25th, 1961) With just a few words John F. Kennedy launched one of the largest endeavors that America has ever embarked upon. The address given to congress in May of 1961 put America in a race against Russia to see who could make it to the moon first. This was the start of the space program in America. From it came the Mercury Project with the goal to put the first man into space. The Mercury project launched 26, rockets of which only six were manned flights. The Mercury program put the first American into space on February 20, 1962. John H. Glenn, Jr. was the first American into space. He was the first man to orbit the earth. A claim that Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space (April 12, 1961),can't make. The Russians did circle the earth in space but not in orbit. When John Glenn took off in the Mercury-Atlas 6 rocket, named Friendship 7, he made history. It was less then one year after the challenge of John F. Kennedy to place a man on the moon. The flight lasted for only 04 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds. Still in that short time John Glenn went around earth three times, and became an American hero. The Mercury project was finished with the launch of the Mercury-Atlas 9 rocket, named Faith 7, launched May 15,1963. Faith 7 held only one passenger, L. Gordon Cooper, Jr.. He spent 34 hours, 19 minutes, ... ...and right now final record. They also gathered 234 pounds (110.4kg) of material form the moon. There was also the performance of the trans-Earth EVA that was done by Ronald Evans it lasted 01 hour, 06 minutes. With the splash down of the Apollo XVII module our days on the moon ended. The last time that a man walked on the moon I was not born. There has not been a flight to the moon for over 30 years. I personally feel that this is a true tragedy. I have seen it written that if the Apollo program had continued to receive funding as it had in the early 70’s we would have a base on the moon. If so we would have unmanned lunar Modules to bring supplies to the moon. These may be dreams but as someone that has grown up in the space age I feel that we could achieve these dreams if we really wanted to. I hope that some day, before I am to old, we return to the moon.

Anabolic Steriods Essay -- essays research papers

Amber Lee Smith Weight Lifting Mrs. Registar February 12, 2001 Anabolic Steriods Anabolic Steroids are synthetic compounds formulated to be like the male sex hormone testosterone. Many athletes use anabolic steroids male and female alike, such as body builders, weightlifters, baseball players, football players, swimmers, and runners. They do so because they mistakenly believe that they will gain strength and size. In a male, testosterone is released by the leydig cells in the testes. The testosterone has two main functions androgenic and anabolic. Androgenic is the development of male sex characteristics. Anabolic is the development of muscle tissue. To treat patients who suffer from a natural lack of testosterone pharmacoligists alter one form of testosterone slightly, increasing the length of time the drug is active. Testosterone was first isolated in 1935; soon forms of testosterone such as dianabol, durabolin, deca-durabolin, and winstrol were produced. One of the main effects of anabolic steroids is to increase the number of red blood cells and muscle tissue without producing much of the androgenic effects of testosterone. There are only four legal uses for steroid treatment for certain forms of cancer, pituitary dwarfism, and serious hormone disturbances. There are two forms of anabolic steroids those taken orally and those injected. The immediate effects of both are mood swings of many different kinds. In one study, physicians Ian Wilson, Arthur Prang , Jr., and Patricio Lara found that four out of five men suffering from depression when given a steroid suffered from delusions. A research team from Great Britain Found that a patient given steroids became dizzy, disoriented, and incoherent. It was stated that they â€Å"had a case of a young man who was diagnosed as schizophrenic, and Smith 2 took steroids to help with his weightlifting. After taking these drugs he suffered severe depression and anxiety and had trouble sleeping†(Layman and Annitto 126). Most people who use steroids do not have side affects this severe. Steroids make changes in the electroencephalogram (an image of brain el... ... steroids. I read from the researchers that anabolic steroids show few if any effects at all and I read from athletes that there is a very large effect on muscle gain and endurance. I came across only one book though that addressed this issue between researchers and athletes. The book said that The American College of Sports Medicine stated â€Å"a report on the use and abuse of anabolic steroids. It stated that for many people any benefits of anabolic steroids are small and not worth the health risk†(Hutson). Yet almost all the athletes who use anabolic steroids feel that the steroids had a great effect and that they would not have been successful without them. The big gap between researchers and athletes has caused a big controversy. Athletes say one thing and researchers say another. The researchers have found a reason that maybe is the cause that anabolic steroid users see effects that researchers say are not possible they call it the "placebo effect". The pl acebo effect works by the power of suggestion athletes believe that the steroids will improve their performance so they do. The placebo effect is real the performance is Smith 5 improved and the gains are not image

Mine safety and environmental health challenges

1. Sketch some of the cardinal wellness and safety challenges that is faced by a excavation company you are familiar with.The industry has experienced both high effect low frequence events ( catastrophes such as Moura and Gretley ) every bit good as low frequence high events ( such as faux pass, strains and falls ) contribute to the industry ‘s high lost clip hurt rate ( LTIR ) . It has besides had its portion of occupational diseases. Historically, pneumonocosis ( lung disease caused by inspiration of mineral dust ) , asbestosis and mesothelioma have been cardinal countries of concern. Noise, quiver and weariness are issues of important wellness concerns. The direction and control of major jeopardies associated with structural prostrations, fires and detonations are cardinal safety issues of the twenty-four hours.Moura:During the past 40 old ages at that place have been three mining catastrophes in the Moura territory at a cost of 36 lives.The first occurred at Kianga Mine on 20 September 1975. Thirteen mineworkers died from an detonation which was found to hold been initiated by self-generated burning. The mine was sealed and the organic structures of the work forces were ne'er recovered.The 2nd occurred on 16 July 1986 at Moura No 4 Mine when 12 mineworkers died from an detonation idea to hold been initiated by one of two possible beginnings, viz. frictional ignition or a flame safety lamp. The organic structures of the mineworkers, in this instance, were recovered.The tierce of the catastrophes occurred on 7 August 1994 at Moura No 2 Mine. On this juncture eleven mineworkers died as a consequence of an detonation. The mine was sealed and, at this clip, the organic structures have non been recovered.2. What is the model of the mine safety statute law in your state/country?Since Australia is a federation of provinces, each province sets out its ain Torahs, which include its ain regulative criterions for occupational wellness and safety. At get downing, each province was separate and used the old wellness codifications ( i.e. , statute law ) and criterions from the British system. This system relied to a great extent upon really specific ( i.e. , Numberss based ) system which was easy to implement and simple to understand. However jobs ensured as clip and engineering progressed which led to the wellness and safety reform that began in 1972.The Current Framework for Mine Safety in Australia in 3 ways:Regulations under a general OHS Act ( VIC/SA/TAS/NT )In separate Mine Safety Acts and Regulations ( WA/QLD )In separate mine Safety Act and Regulations Subordinate to a general OHS Act ( NSW )Since Victoria is my province, the undermentioned legalization will be used under 3 chief classs given as below.Dangerous Goods ActEnvironment Protection ACTOccupational Health and Safety Regulationsa ) As per Occupational Health and Safety Regulations:Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004. Act No. 107/2004: Enabling act. Sets out the cardinal ru les, responsibilities and rights in relation to occupational wellness and safety ( OHS ) . Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007, Statutory Rule No. 54/2007: Specifies the manner in which a responsibility imposed by the OHS Act must be performed, or prescribe procedural or administrative affairs to back up the OHS Act ( eg requiring licenses for specific activities, the maintaining of records or giving notice ) . WorkSafe Positions: Are guidelines made under subdivision 12 of the OHS Act that province how WorkSafe will use the OHS Act or Regulations or exert discretion under a proviso of the OHS Act or Regulations. WorkSafe Positions are intended to supply certainty to duty holders and other affected partiesB ) As per Environment Protection ACT:Version No. 171, Environment Protection Act 1970, No. 8056 of 1970, Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2010. This sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to Environment Protection Act. degree Celsius ) As per Dangerous Goods Act: This sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to Dangerous Goods Act. But here separately they all made for single classs as mentioned. Version No. 081 Dangerous Goods Act 1985 No. 10189 of 1985 Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2010 Version No. 003 Dangerous Goods ( HCDG ) Regulations 2005 S.R. No. 96/2005 Version as at 14 March 2008 Version No. 005 Dangerous Goods ( Storage and Handling ) Regulations 2000 S.R. No. 127/2000 Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2009 Version No. 001 Dangerous Goods ( Transport by Road or Rail ) Regulations 2008 S.R. No. 166/2008 Version as at 1 January 2009 Version No. 013 Dangerous Goods ( Explosives ) Regulations 2000 S.R. No. 61/2000 Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 20093. Robens suggested two cardinal issues were of import in accomplishing high criterions of safety.What are these two key issue?Where in the Act ( or ordinance ) are these two issues addressed in themine safety statute law of your state/country?In 1972, the British Robens study sought to modify the old codifications of pattern utilizing two base principals.The first rule recognised the demand to unite all the difference OHS Torahs under one system. It was proposed that this would be accomplished by making â€Å"general duties† into one opinion ( Robens Report, para 41 ) .The 2nd rule observed that a ego ordinance theoretical account be implemented where workers and decision makers ‘come together ‘ in order addition the criterions of wellness and safety ( Robens Report, para 41 ) .The Federal Government in 1985 passed statute law to organize the so National Occupational Health and Safety Commission ( NOHSC ) ; though , because Australia is a federation, each state/territory has to sign federal statute law in order to for the committee ( NOHSC ) to be apart of the Commonwealth and hence have any legal evidences. Each province reformed OHS Torahs, based on the Robens theoretical account and beyond. In fact, the OHS operates in a three manner system. The first is the general responsibilities which cover all employees irrespective of occupation position ( Internet Explorer, contracted or non ) and require the employee as practically possible to guarantee a safe working environment. The 2nd are the â€Å"provisions in regulations† are compulsory Torahs that are specific to each province. Finally, codifications of pattern are used as counsel which set the criterions for the general responsibility of attention. These aid in puting criterions the responsibility holder is required to place the jeopardies and buttocks and control hazards and hence helps Robens 2nd rule nevertheless there remains some critical spreads.4. What is the chief end of industrial hygiene?List the four key processes that play a function in accomplishing this end.Main end of Industrial hygiene is risk decrease and/or hazard riddance wherever possible.AnticipationRecognitionEvaluationControl of workplace e nvironmental jeopardiesSpecify the undermentioned footingsHazardHazardHazard directionHazard AppraisalProbabilityFrequencyBadnessDoseTLV-TWATLV-STELHazard: A jeopardy is any ‘thing ‘ that may do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings. Besides this is the potency of any agent or substances to do injury, normally ill-health or disease.B ) Hazard: The hazard tells how likely an accident ( An accident is any unexpected or unintended event that may do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings ) will do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings. Hazard is a map of the type of jeopardy times the sum of exposure ( Risk = Hazard x Exposure )Hazards direction: The procedure of ordaining general responsibilities of attention in order to extinguish, replacement, or cut down the likeliness of an accident ( i.e. hazard ) through technology or administrative solutions, or through using personal protection equipment ( PPE ) .Hazard Appraisal: Hazard Assessment is the procedu re by which a particular hazard is quantified or qualified in order to understand how to pull off a specific jeopardy. It is based upon the consequence that a specific jeopardy may hold, the magnitude of the jeopardy ( I, e, how terrible it may be ) , and the continuance that the jeopardy may impact a individual or belongings. The hazard appraisal helps determine how a jeopardy may be managed and how a hazard may be controlled.Probability: the likeliness for an event to happen. One of the factors that serves as the dependent variable for hazard ( I.e. Risk=Probability * Severity ) orIt is a manner of showing cognition or belief that an event will happen or has occurred. In mathematics the construct has been given an exact significance in chance theory, that is used extensively in such countries of survey as mathematics, statistics, finance, gaming, scientific discipline, and doctrine to pull decisions about the likeliness of possible events and the implicit in mechanics of complex s ystems. degree Fahrenheit ) Frequency: Frequency is the rate at which a individual may come into contact with a jeopardy over a defined length of clip. Or The figure of times that a periodic map repeats the same sequence of values during a unit fluctuation of the independent variableBadness: Badness is the magnitude, or strength, with which a risky substance is exposed to a individual. It is the dimension for sorting earnestness for Technical support issues.Dose: Is the sum of the jeopardy which we are exposed. It is defined by the concentration of the risky substance times the length of clip a individual is exposed.Dose is the construct of dosage is paramount for occupational hygiene and hazard direction. Dose refers to the sum of a substance to which we are exposed, and is a combination of the concentration of exposure and continuance of exposure. Dose= concentration*duration of exposureI ) TLV-TWA:TLV values by and large refer to a national exposure criterion for a jeopardy ( i.e. chemical, dust, or radiation ) . It is a agency of quantifying the maximal concentrations of a peculiar substance in an country over a specified length of clip, and so using it as a criterion for wellness and safety inspectors and responsibility bearers to utilize as a manner of measuring hazard. TWA is an acronym for clip leaden norm. In this instance, the continuance of contaminant exposure is expressed over an eight hr working twenty-four hours and a five twenty-four hours working hebdomad. In this manner, this exposure criterion incorporates the upper limit and minimal exposure rates a individual experiences during a regular on the job twenty-four hours. The accent of an exposure free clip is implicitly involved ( as would be the instance for noise ) so that certain organic structure thresholds are non passed.J ) TLV-STEL:STEL is an acronym for short term exposure bound. For some substances, a short term exposure criterion is needed since ague and chronic wellness affects may ensue. Alternatively of an eight hr twenty-four hours, this exposure criterion is step over no more than 15 proceedingss.6. Whatare the chief airborne contaminants/pollutants that can do health-related jobs at mine sites?The Dust and particulates ( arsenic, lead, quicksilver and etc ) ;The Toxic gase s ( C monoxide, sulfur dioxide and etc ) ;The Carcinogens ( asbestos, aromatic hydrocarbons, and etc ) ;The Flammable gases ( methane and C dioxide and etc ) ;The Radiation toxicant ( radon, U, Th and etc ) ;The Mixture of viruses and bacteriums.7. For a peculiar legal legal power ( state/country ) what are the legal demands for the concentration of the followers in the general organic structure of airing air flow ( maximal or lower limit ) ?Harmonizing to the HSISa ) Oxygen Pure O: no limitations Oxygen diflouride: TWA=.05 ppm B ) Methane ( as a gas ) Pure methane: TWA=0, STEL=0 Bromomethane: 5ppm STEL=0 degree Celsiuss ) Carbon dioxide In coal mines: TWA= 12,500 ppm STEL= 30000 ppm Regular: TWA= 5000 ppm STEL= 30,000 ppm vitamin D ) Carbon monoxide: TWA= 30 ppm STEL=0 vitamin E ) Hydrogen sulfide: TWA= 10 ppm STEL= 15ppm degree Fahrenheit ) Respirable dust ( no silicon oxide ) Coal Dust: TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Soapstone: TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Vanadium: TWA = 0.05 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Graphite: TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0 g ) Respirable dust ( with silicon oxide ) : TWA= 2 mg/m3 H ) Oxides of Nitrogen: Nitrogen Triflouride: TWA= 10 ppm STEL=0 Azotic Oxide: TWA= 25 ppm STEL=0 Azotic Oxide: TWA=25 ppm STEL=0 Nitrogen dioxide: TWA= 3ppm STEL=0 Nitrogen tetroxide: TWA= 0 STEL=08. Define Dust, list and briefly describe the general preventive steps, which can be used to command or forestall exposure to high dust exposures.Dust caused by the mechanical decomposition of stuff can be defined as a aggregation of solid atoms which:Are dispersed in a gaseous medium ( normally air )Are able to stay suspended in the air for a comparatively long clipHave a high surface country to volume ratio.So briefly, over the full scope of airborne stuffs, dust by and large has the largest atom size although it can exhibit a broad particulate scope. In general, dust can be defined an merger of assorted particulates ( solid affair ) that can divide and stay in suspension in air. Dust is by and large caused by mechanical weathering through, in the instance of mines, the usage of really big machines ( drills and crushers ) and blasts. Dust can either present an immediate jeopardy ( I, e, oculus annoyance ) or long term wellness effects ( radioactive atoms that stick to respirable dust which are later inhaled ) . Whether the effects are long term or short term, there are a figure of ways that duty callings can command or even extinguish dust. 1 ) Preventative steps ( Elimination ) :This is the best manner among all.This includes irrigating to cut down dust formation when film editing and boring ; guaranting that cutting equipment is crisp, and utilizing oils to transport mine cuts to an enclosed country.Under these conditions, â€Å"the means of control† is through riddance.A concluding piece of equipment is a unsighted hole bore bit which traps the dust generated through an enclosure.2 ) Ventilation ( Engineering ) :This is an technology agencies of control dust through a proper airing system.Here the air must be able to be strong plenty to pick up the heavy dust atoms to cut down the sum of dust concentrating in the air or on the land.Dust extraction and filtration systems that pump in the ‘dusty ‘ air, filter out the atoms and so throw out ‘cleaner ‘ air.3 ) Removal of employees ( Administrative ) :This is an administrative attack where the employees are fundamentally removed from the jeo pardy thereby extinguishing exposure.This is frequently non really practical, particularly in medium/small operations, or in rural operations where all employees are needed, or working rotary motion is non an option.4 ) Use of inhalator ( PPE ) :This is the least manner control nevertheless we have no other option.Here a worker uses a inhalator in order to filtrate out the dust, thereby understating hazard by cut downing exposure.However, many inhalators can be excessively heavy or cumbrous to cover with, particularly belowground.9. Discourse how methane is generated in mines. What are the cardinal hazards associated with methane, and how can the hazards be managed?Methane coevals in mines:This is produced by bacterial and chemical action on organic stuff and is evolved during both the formation of coal and crude oil. One of the most common strata gases. It is non toxic but is unsafe as it can organize an explosive mixture with air. A methane/air mixture normally called firedamp. Methane is normally associated with coal mines but it is besides normally found in other mines which are over or underlain by carbonous formations. Methane is retained within breaks, nothingnesss and pores within stone either as a tight gas or adsorbed on mineral surfaces. When mining disturbs the stone the gas force per unit area gradient set up between the reservoir of methane and the airing system induces flow of methane along natural or excavation induced breaks towards the gap.Key Hazard:Methane has no smell, but it is frequently accompanied by hints of heavier hydrocarbons in the paraffin series, which have a characteristic oily odor. The denseness of methane is a small over half that of air. This gives rise to the danger of methane layering in pools along the roof of belowground gaps. The perkiness of methane can besides do jobs in inclined workings. Methane Burnss in air with a pale blue fire. The explosible scope for methane in air is by and large quoted as 5-15 % with maximal explosibility at 9.8 % . The lower bound remains reasonably changeless, the upper bound reduces as the O content of air falls. To track the flammability of methane air mixtures a coward diagram as shown in figure 2 can be used. With relation to calculate 1: Figure 1: The coward diagram for methane in air.In zone A the mixture is non flammable but is likely to go so if farther methane is added.In zone B the mixture is explosive and has a lower limit nose value at 12.2 % OZones C and D illustrate mixtures that may be in certain countries.Methane beds have two chief jeopardies associated with them:Layers extend the zones within which ignitions can happenWhen an ignition occurs the methane bed acts as an effectual fuse along which the fire can propagate, sometimes taking to much larger accretions in roof pits or in the mariner.Methane and Carbon dioxide ( mixtures of the two gases ) if mixed with N will do the dangers atmosphere. Because this associated with gas effusions are:Suffocation of mineworkers by gas and dust. Compressed air line of lifes may be maintained on or shut to faces that are prone to effusions.The force of the effusion may damage equipment, doing triping that may light the extremely flammable gas/dust mixture.The sudden e nlargement of a big volume of gas can interrupt the airing system of the mine.To command and Manage:To command and pull off the hazard of Methane, foremost of all demand to cognize the beginnings and nature of methane, and how the methane is let go ofing and migrating. And so apprehension of hazards can easy take to larn of the methane hazard direction. The major systems as follows,In its of course happening province in a coal seam, firedamp does non represent an explosive hazard. However, where firedamp released from next seams meets â€Å" fresh-air † in the goaf, the firedamp is diluted and explosive mixtures ( around 5 % to 15 % methane in air ) are formed. Effective firedamp control is indispensable for safe working and involves supplying either:Face-End Ventilation and Gas Control: good designed Ventilation flow avoid the hazard of methane gas.Firedamp Drainage on Retreat Longwalls: Firedamp gaining control efficiencies on longwall faces typically lie between 60 % and 8 0 % of the entire gas on progressing faces and from 30 % to 60 % of the entire gas on retreat faces. Options and Addendums to Firedamp Drain: There are airing options applicable to some retreat longwall coalfaces which can rid of the demand for dearly-won firedamp drainage. Such methods ( eg. hemophiliac roads and sewer gate systems ) are aimed at deviating gas off from working coalfaces along paths separate from those used to serve the face. Goaf Flushing: Goaf flushing has been used for temporarily betterment of firedamp concentrations in a territory return but it is non a recommended gas control solution. The method is by and large applied to a fully-developed goaf ( Internet Explorer. where sufficient goaf has been created to organize a significant gas reservoir ) . The airing force per unit area across a territory is reduced, after work forces have been withdrawn, leting high gas concentration gas to migrate frontward into the return airway. Transport activities in the chief return may hold to be suspended. Finally, the equilibrium between gas flow into the waste and gas flow into the return is restored, the gas concentration in the territory return being at a higher concentration than earlier due to the reduced air measure. On reconstructing the original air flow, the gas is forced into the goaf, off from the face, therefore cut downing the emanation into the return until equilibrium conditions are one time once mor e obtained. This attack is non advised due to the uncontrolled release of elevated firedamp concentrations into air passages and across electrical equipment.Methane Drain: To bring forth gaseous fuel and/or to cut down methane emanations in to airing system its been used. Methane that is drained demands to be transported safely to the point of bringing, the substructure that is required to accomplish this consists of the followers: Pipe ranges, Proctors, Safety devices, Controls, Extractor pumpsOther than all above mentioned, in single states they are following up regulations and ordinances to command and pull off the hazard of Methane. Here is an illustration UK statute law provinces,Electrical power must be switched off when the general organic structure concentration of methane exceeds 1.25 % .If methane concentration exceeds 2 % forces other than those associated with bettering the airing in the country should go forth the country.10. Discourse the beginnings and hazards associa ted with arsenic, quicksilver and nitriles. How can the hazards be managed?A ) quicksilver Beginnings:Natural beginnings:VentsVolatilization from oceansErosion of natural sedimentationsHuman Activities:Estimated to be 1/3-2/3 of the entire quicksilver released into the environment.Beginnings include:Stack losingss from cinnabar roastingThe working and smelting of metalsCoal fired power workssDischarges from mines, refineries and millsCombustion of coal and municipal wastes, industrial wastes and boilersMedical waste incineratorsPesticidesOverflow from landfills/croplandsB ) quicksilver Hazards:Continuity:Can alter signifier,Can non be destroyedSolubility:Cinnabar ( HgS ) is indissoluble ( and resists enduring ) ;Liquid Hg is somewhat soluble in H2O.Bioaccumulation:Hg methylation signifiers CH3Hg+ which is easy absorbed by beings and biomagnifies from the underside to the top of the nutrient concatenationBioaccumulates ( dressed ores ) in musculus and tissue of fish and other wildlif eCH3Hg+ by and large increases by a factor of 10 or less with each measure up the nutrient concatenationC ) Arsenic Beginnings:Arsenopyrite ( FeAsS ) is the most common arsenic mineral in ores and is besides a by-product associated with Cu, gold, Ag, and lead/zinc excavation.Arsenic trioxide ( Fe2As3 ) is present in flue gases from Cu ore roastingcoal-burning power workss and incinerators besides may let go of As into ambiance.Water: mean concentration is 1 ppb, but can be & gt ; 1,000 ppb in mining countries ; As+5 most prevailing ; many compounds dissolve in H2O.D ) Arsenic Hazards:Arsenic is a human carcinogenIn worlds the primary mark variety meats are the tegument and vascular systembirds, animate beings, workss, and freshwater fish can go contaminatedToxicity in H2O is determined by H2O temperature, pH, organic content, phosphate concentration, suspended dirts, presence of oxidizers, and speciationTocopherol ) Cyanides Beginnings:Can leach from landfills and cyanide-containing route salts every bit good as to the ambiance from auto fumes ( hydrogen nitrile gas – HCN ) .Some nutrients ( Prunus dulciss and lima beans ) contain nitriles of courseIt can be produced by some bacteriums, Fungis, and algaeSpills: Cyanide and other heavy metal pollutants overflowed a dike at Baia Mare, Romania, polluting 250 stat mis of rivers, and killing 1000000s of fishMost persistent in groundwater & A ; at higher pHF ) Cyanides RisksOral lethal dosage of KCN for an grownup is 200 milligramAirborne concentrations of 270 ppm is fatalLong term exposure to lower degrees consequences in bosom strivings, take a breathing troubles, purging, blood alterations, concerns and thyroid secretory organ expansionCN does non bio-accumulate in fishG ) Cyanide hazard Control Methods:Production: Encourage responsible nitrile fabrication by buying from makers who operate in a safe and environmentally protective mode.Transportation system: Protect communities and the environment during cy anide conveyance.Managing and Storage: Protect workers and the environment during nitrile handling and storage.Operationss: Manage cyanide procedure solutions and waste watercourses to protect human wellness and the environment.Decommissioning: Protect communities and the environment from nitrile through development and execution of decommissioning programs for nitrile installations.Worker Safety: Protect workers ‘ wellness and safety from exposure to cyanideEmergency Response: Protect communities and the environment through the development of exigency response schemes and capablenesss.Training: Train workers and exigency response forces to pull off nitrile in a safe and environmentally protective mode.Daily review of leach residue storage pools and shadowings bringing grapevines ;Incident coverage and a system of exigency processs ;Systems for informations recording, rating, reading and coverage ;Procedure technician preparation and consciousness of possible nitrile related j obs, including personal safety and impacts on the environing natural environment ;systematic records direction and certification of carnal mortalities ;Integrating cyanide direction processs into the site Environmental Management Plan which is presently being updated.H ) Arsenic and quicksilver hazard control methods:The above mentioned methods are suited to follow Arsenic and quicksilver every bit good. However in practical universe, it depends upon the harmness, will change to importances of handling.11. Specify the intent of airing in belowground mines. What types of airings systems are common?The intent for airing in mines is to thin assorted signifiers of gases. These gases could be either a chemical jeopardy ( as in carbon-monoxide and dust ) or explosive physical jeopardies such as methane accretion along the roofs of mine shafts. Ventilation systems frequently come in the signifier of,fans which control air flowarrests and seals will seal escapes in peculiar to older minesDoors and air locksRegulators which is a door with an appropriate transition to keep air force per unit area gradientsAircrossings which allow suction and blowing airing systems to easy by base on balls one another and non let for cross taint12. Electrical power is normally employed in mines, what work patterns would you specify for the care of electrical equipment?Always to be Maintained, reviewed and modified mine power supply systems.Make certain Consistently inspect machineraries and carry out trials for mistakes and jeopardiesMake certain ever the electrical equipment is decently viewed, so that arrange some visible radiations near electrical equipment in belowground mines to guarantee to be seeable.Make certain while Create processs to guarantee noise and electrical jeopardies ; over electromotive forces, current ordinance, noise degre e decreases etc. , are maintained to allow legislative criterions.Without excessively much emphasis, seek to supply machinery that can be moved easy that are besides within legislative demands and can provide equal electricity Create an alternate power supply beginning in instance of machinery dislocation which allows to make care activities. For the speedy designation, install proper mine overseas telegrams with appropriate coloring materials coding system. And following safety regulations and ordinances besides makes the good work patterns for the care of electrical equipment.Failure to exert cautiousness may ensue in hurt, so cautiousness must be used when runing or mending electrical equipmentWhen executing electrical work, ever use the proper protective equipment, such as: safety spectacless, protective baseball mitts, and a decently rated metre.State ordinances, Australian Standards and company policies are designed to guard against electrical jeopardies in the excavation industry. So following up those are really indispensableWet conditions may eat metal electrical constituents and do their failure. Falling stone may damage an electrical overseas telegram or constituent. So need to avoid those sort of unsafe conditions before put ining at specific topographic points or demand to take attention to avoid those jobs.Exercise cautiousness to be used to utilize proper protective equipment when working with batteries. Because batteries could detonate and do hurt or could light and do fires.All have to be cognizant and particularly all electrician decently trained to Be watchful and knowing of the jeopardies of electricity.Make certain ever maintaining attitude tono electrical work can be performed until the electrical circuit is knocked, locked, and tagged.Always make certain the frame land is decently connected.No electrical work shall be performed except by a qualified individual. Circuit surfs and gulfs shall be marked for designation. Circuit interrupting devices or proper fuses, shall be installed to protect against short circuit and overloads.u Unpluging devices shall be locked and tagged out. All electrical equipment shall be examined, tested, decently maintained, and consequences recorded as required13. Your mine employs grapevines to convey the followers:Compressed airService H2OMethaneRun of mine drainage H2OHow would you guarantee that each grapevine can be readily identified by a speedy ocular review?C oloring the pipes with different sort of colorss may give solution to this instance. Examples:Blue coloring material for service H2ORed coloring material for Compressed airGreen coloring material for MethaneYellow coloring material for mine drainage H2OThis manner each pipe is easy visualised in the mine. A mark that demarcates the coloring material coding system will besides be necessary to clear up the coloring material cryptography system.14. Distinguish, with the usage of illustrations, the difference between major, chronic and minor incidents. What are the legal demands for describing these different types of incidents in your legal power?Incident is a happening of an event that has a non human component to it ( unlike accidents ) . Major incidents: Are sudden alterations which are dramatic, necessitate immediate responses, and are by and large dearly-won and a figure of human deaths. An illustration is methane gas effusions in belowground coal mines. Examples:Major fire, detonationFatalityStructural prostrationMajor equipment harmMajor loss of productionTypically cost 1000000s of moneysChronic Incidents: Are events that result in an hurt ; is related to a figure of causes, and have effects that are lower in magnitude and strength than major incidents. Sometimes these events may do change in the normal processs in mines. Examples:Recuring quality divergence.Recuring equipment failure.System corrosion/erosion.Fleeting emanations.Slips, trips and falls.Minor Incidents: Or near miss incidents which do non involved in any loss or hurt but if a different event occurred, could do hurt or injury. When these incidents happened, the legal demand is 5 stairss:ReportingGathering the FactsDetermine Cause ( s )Develop and Implement Corrective ActionMonitor and Review15. Discourse four theories of accident causing.1. Domino theory:It is developed by Herbert Hinrich ( Travelers Insurance Co ) in 1920.Says that hurts occur from actions that interact. The hurts are caused by insecure Acts of the Apostless by workers and are by and large preventable given proper safety preparation. It includes:Injuries arise from a set of complete actionsMost hurts arise from insecure Acts of the ApostlessAccidents are mostly preventableInsecure Acts of the Apostless can hold ulterior effects vs immediateManagement should take controlHarmonizing to Heinrich, five factors can take up to an accident:Lineage and societal environmentMistake of a individualInsecure mechanical or physical state of affairssThe accident itself ( falls, being hit )Injury: Typically lacerations and breaksUnder this rubric, direction should take control and supply safety to workers.2. Human Factors Theory:Accidents are caused by human mistake under three chief factors:Overload ( instability in a individuals capacity )Inappropriate Response: How a individual responds to a state of affairsInappropriate Activity: Human mistake in judgement, action, way, etc. )3. Accident and Incident Theory:Asper this theory, the environment is a cause alternatively of human mistake. The design and excessively high of outloo k in work end product are the causes of accidents. Therefore, there is an indirect influence of direction and economic factors ( deadlines, agenda, budget, peer force per unit area etc. ) that can take to bad judgement and therefore accidents. The Accident and Incident Theory proposes a causal relationship exists between direction clime and focal point, and accident causing.4. Epidemiologic Theory:Accidents are caused bysensitivity features ( cultural, physical charecteristics, societal norms )Situational characterisitics ( unequal preparation, small counsel, or direction â€Å"climate† ) .Under this theory there is a causing nexus between the environment and societal or mental factors. The Epidemiology theory holds that theoretical accounts used for survey and finding of disease can be utilized for accident causing as good16. ( a ) What is occupational hearing loss?A signifier of hearing loss due to the disfunction of the auditory nervus, ( i.e. hearing loss ) that is caused by the overexposure to noise degrees of high strength ) . This is besides called acoustic injury hearing loss( B ) Define the footings frequence, strength, dubnium, dubnium ( A )Frequency: The rate at which sound atoms vibrate through an elastic medium that the ear can comprehend as ‘sound ‘ .Frequency = Cycles per Second = Hertz = Hz 1000 Hz = 1 Kilohertz = 1 kilohertz = Human Voice Intensity: Intensity is the sum of energy going through a unit volume of air during a certain timeframe. dubnium: The dB ( dubnium ) is a logarithmic unit that indicates the ratio of a physical measure ( normally power or strength ) relation to a specified or implied mention degree. Amplitude = Loudness = Decibels = dubnium 60 dB = Average Speaking Voice dubnium ( A ) : It is the frequence response curve which is resembles the normal frequence hearing curve for most people. A metre utilizing this web will give a consequence which does hold some resemblance in degree to that degree which is experienced by most people The other manner we can state that, Noise is measured in dBs ( dubnium ) at a certain graduated table, such as A or C. The dB graduated table is logarithmic. That means, with a 5dB exchange rate, 95 dubnium is 100 % more noise than 90 dubnium.( degree Celsius ) Define the term Daily Noise Dose ; what factors influence this?Daily Noise Dose:The Daily Noise is an exposure criterion that measures the grade a individual working is able to be exposed to resound. Worksafe states that a degree of 85 dubnium ( S ) ( ie not additive criterion ) over 8 hr twenty-four hours ( much like the clip weight norm ( TWA ) exposure standard ) should non be breached, nor a peak degree of 140 dubniums at any specific clip should non be breached ( much like the TLV-STEL ) . If exposure to resound is to happen above these degrees a step of control upon noise is required. Harmonizing the National Institute for Occupational Safety – NIOSH – the day-to-day dosage degree – D – should non be or transcend 100. When the day-to-day noise exposure consists of periods of different noise degrees, the day-to-day dosage can be calculated as: D = ( te1 / td1 + te2 / td2 + †¦ + ten / tdn ) 100 % ( 1 ) where D = day-to-day noise exposure ( % ) Te = exposure clip at a specified noise degree td = maximal continuance clip at a specified noise degree The day-to-day dosage can be converted to an 8-hr Time-Weighted Average -TWA by the expression TWA = 10 log ( D / 100 ) + 85 ( 2 )

Discrimination In The Work Environment

Discrimination in places of work is unfair treatment of workers by their employers or by their fellow workers. In workplace discrimination, the employers pay no attention to complainants who are discriminated and in many instances they ignore the kind of harassment these particular people experience. This has a tremendous negative impact on job performance since the discriminated individual are discouraged to perform effectively and this in turn affects the output in that particular company or organization. In the US, the state laws prohibit unfair treatment of people in their respective places of work.Discrimination in the workplace is mainly based on age, sex, race, religion, disability, nationality, intelligence and pregnancy. All the forms of discrimination are prohibited by the law in the United States and the employer is in no way entitled to harass one since he or she is not a U. S. citizen. In America discrimination is prevalent today just as it was in early 19th century. Som e observers have claimed that there has been tremendous improvement following the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 by the government.The act provided for the prosecution of those accused of discriminating workers on basis of their religion, race, skin color, age or nationality. The 1964 Civil Right Act provided for equal treatment of employees in the workplace. However, discrimination in the workplace continues to increasingly becoming common in the modern America (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). There are two major categories of discrimination: disparate treatment and disparate impact. Disparate treatment is an incidence where by one is treated differently from other employees by the employer on the basis of gender, age, sex, race, nationality or disability.The state laws prohibit unfair treatment of workers such as one being allocated difficult assignments or more work load than other fellow workers under taking the same work. Demotions, less payments and being laid off unjustly are other forms of disparate treatments common in the work environment. Disparate impact is a liability theory which prohibits employers from practicing unlawful discrimination during employment. Although it may appear neutral, disparate impact negatively impacts against particular ethnic, racial or sex group. It can also have a negative impact on individuals of a given religious group or the disabled.In this case an employer, for instance comes up with tests or selection criteria that are facially neutral and not related to the job requirements so as to do away with people of particular race, nationality, and religion. The test may also include the lifting of requirement which is not correlated to the actual job so as to do away with nearly all the aged workers or women (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). Sexual harassment is a very common form of discrimination experienced globally where one is coerced to provide sexual favors by the fellow workers, bosses or the supervisors.Sexual harassment fr om the fellow workers makes it difficult for one to work conveniently and peacefully. Sexual harassment from the boss or the supervisors comes about where one is coerced to admit a sexual affair so as to acquire a particular job, be promoted or be retained in the company or organization. Consequently those who fail to give in to the sexual requests are eventually fired, denied the job vacancy or demoted. This form of discrimination affects a wide range of groups particularly those belonging to different nationalities, race and skin color.In the U. S, sexual harassment in work places is illegal although this practice continues to affect workers leading to reduced output. It is recommended that those experiencing such discrimination should report immediately to the respective personalities. Those harassed by the fellow workers and supervisors should report the matter to the employer as soon as possible since the employer may claim later that he or she was never informed of that kind o f behavior when it was taking place.One should make a written complaint and remain with a copy as well. Those harassed by employers should take a legal action by filing a case and seek help from required administrative agencies or from lawyers (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). Gender based discrimination is a form of harassment based on sex and it takes place in various places of work in the world. Although human rights dictate that individuals should not be discriminated on the basis of sex, women have always faced major discrimination in the work places and during recruitment.For instance, in different Wal-Marts in the United States, women are given heavy tasks to perform yet limited to further training privileges and the salary paid to them is not worthy the work they do. When the employers are asked about their actions, they readily defend themselves by accusing women of being psychologically emotional and cannot make critical decisions practically. Women are usually not given equal train ing as men so as to acquire relevant skills which can help them properly fit in the challenging world.The argument supplied in support of this treatment is that women can quit the job at any time since they are not the breadwinners in the house have little to care about. Moreover, other reasons have been suggested that women have other duties to meet in the house or may claim to have small babies to take care of and therefore training women in the same level with men could imply wastage of funds, energy and time. However, it is time for women to be treated equally as men since they have proved to attain similar qualifications as men and perform roles which were traditionally meant for men.Additionally, women are the cornerstone of every development and the thriving of an economy is determined by both men and women (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). Another form of discrimination in the work environment is racial discrimination which has become a widespread problem in America and other Western states. For instance, in various places of work, the African-Americans are treated differently since they belong to the minority group in American population. Research reveals that a small number of African-Americans are employed in companies owned by Native Americans.The problem of racial discrimination also affects the Hispanic – Americans which further shows how racial discrimination has taken root in the work environment. Some of the employers have openly admitted that they don’t work either with Hispanic- Americans or African- Americans. Although equality is supported by civil rights laws and also protected by the constitution many have not changed their hearts on the practice of racism. Race victims facing harassment from co- workers normally work in a hostile and non- conducive environment which is not favorable for better production.Employees are also a bother to them especially when they are finding ways to get rid of them. Racial bias in work places determine s job quality and should be discouraged in every organization (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). Age discrimination is another form of discrimination that mostly affects the old people in various workplaces. However, young people are also discriminated of their age and considered not competent even when they have the required qualifications while seeking jobs.The old people are regarded as mentally worn out and cannot continue to serve and execute their normal roles in companies and organizations. Employment Act of 1967 in United States protects persons who are 40 years as well as all the aged people. The act ensures those who are applying for the job are protected from discrimination because of their age with respect to terms and conditions of the job. The act ensures that these old people are recruited without any form of discrimination and protects them from being laid off from their places of work with no cause.The act also addresses the challenges encountered by these old people when they are searching new jobs after being fired from other jobs. The justification behind this form of discrimination claimed by employers is that aged people are not energetic dynamic and effective as the youth and this implies they perform poorly in the production process. This should not be the case since the old are endowed with work knowledge and experience. There is also youth discrimination also referred to as adultism. This form of discrimination is clearly evident where teenagers between 15-25 years are limited to acquiring jobs.But this kind of discrimination is craved as a paternalistic agenda of protecting the youth since they are supposed to be treated with care and respect by the older workers. Teenagers are also perceived to be rebellious, violent and drug addicts because they are in their adolescent stage hence not convenient to work with them. Moreover, they are also fond of listening to music and this could lead to wastage of time instead of one concentrating with the al located task (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). Intelligence based discrimination is also another serious form of discrimination in America where people with low intelligence are highly underprivileged.This form of discrimination has not acquired prevalent attention and an enormous number of individuals have been limited to or denied access to certain opportunities and successes as a result their perceived level of intelligence. This kind of discrimination in some work places is exercised against those who have low IQ, those who work slowly, not fluent or smooth talkers. Favors are poured on the so called ‘smart people’ since they can finish the allocated task faster or tends to think faster . They are promoted and perceived as the intelligent.Others achieve bigger jobs since they can express themselves appropriately or are fluent talkers than others. The disadvantaged are the fools who to have work harder than smart people do work so as to reach the same goal and thus putting ext ra efforts is the only solution to raise them to the top despite terms and conditions in place. Intelligence is a trait inherited from birth just like skin color. Being not fluent in speaking, or a slow thinker should not be taken advantage of since such people are also human beings and should be treated fairly and should have equal opportunities with smart people.There could be aspects in them which can be utilized and lead to improved productivity in the workplace. Accurate measurements on one’s capabilities to perform a particular task should be the ones to be considered. Besides, many have no idea those perceived to be fools can do excellent work than the ones perceived to be the ‘smart people’. Fools also portray absolute perfect leadership roles. Their leadership has great gains to an organization because they adhere to observance of the rules and cannot devise plans of coming out with evil strategies against the company.Moreover, human beings are not creat ed with equal abilities and every one has unique talents which when appreciated can improve the performance of the organization effectively. Religious discrimination is another raging problem in several U. S work places (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). . Religious believers view their faith as their main source of good will and peace but in many situations it is the main source of enmity, hatred, violence and division. Civil rights act 1964 and United States constitution inhibits work places from discriminating individuals on basis of their religion in terms and conditions of employment.The act also protects employees belonging to different religions from harassments such as being fired, demoted or limited to salary increments or promotion since they belong to a religion which the employer hates. It is also illegal to hinder one from exercising his or her religious practices in the place of work. . The practices include religious holidays such as Christmas day, Sabbath day observance, wearin g of special gowns like those worn by Muslims . The employer is also supposed to consider those who request for prayer breaks during work sessions.The law also covers one’s ethnic beliefs. Nowadays Christians and individuals from other religions are suppressed by secular forces in their places of work. In America Federal laws are enacted to make sure religious discrimination is not exercised. This constituent of Christian liberty is a right to all people of every faith to get involved in every privileges of the society without encountering harassment on basis of ones religion. Civil Rights Division prosecutes criminal’s accused with the cases of arson and vandalism against worshiping houses.But there are occasions where by these laws are violated, for instance, a seventh day individual being commissioned to work on a Saturday,muslim forced to wear official clothes instead of their usual gowns, others fired by employers reason since he or she doesn’t like an empl oyees religious beliefs. While others are constantly harassed by fellow workers since they hate their religion. In other instances one is forced to be converted to another religion so as to receive fair treatment by the boss or supervisor. Those who resolve to stand strong for their faith and opt to quit the job (Hughes & Dodge, 1997).Pregnancy based discrimination is another key evident form of discrimination where by expectant mothers are not recruited or fired as a result of the visible pregnancy or probability coming to be pregnant. Others are denied pregnant benefits because they are not married. Others fail to be promoted because of their pregnancy. Employers don’t bear with pregnant mothers who come with claims of discomforts expectant women experience especially in early pregnancies such as morning sicknesses.Employer foresees this as an excuse to evade work load which could other wise result into low reproductive yield in the organization. Expectant mothers in Americ a are covered by Federal and state laws which are under civil rights act 1964 the law ensures pregnant mothers are to deliver their kids without loosing their work also to leave their jobs at appropriate duration before onset of delivery period, and prohibits employer denying to grant leave pregnant mothers who are under doctor’s instructions to go for medical examination by the appropriate doctor.Employers justify their discrimination by claiming that pregnant need attention every moment and sick off leaves they request are just means of running away from performing the allocated tasks . Eventually employers count this as a loss to a company as a result of low productivity. Employers also view pregnant women as weak personnel who are not effective and efficient since they can’t work at a certain rate..Under federal law employers who have recruited more than fifteen employers are not entitled to; deny a pregnant woman job vacancy , lay off or force an employee to quite job since she is pregnant, deduct ones accrued retirement benefits for previous years for the reason of maternity leave and retrench an employee who has done an abortion. Therefore pregnant women are in a position to work conveniently so long as the have the ability to work without any problem The supervisor or the employer is also entitled to offer maternity leave at the appropriate time and also treat pregnant women as potential workers .When a pregnant woman is not in a position to perform heavy tasks the employer is accorded to offer less difficult task (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). Disability discrimination in work places is also evident where one can be laid off or not hired depending on disability status. American Disability Act is the law explains disability as a condition of any form of impairment which hinders one from performing major activities in life. The law ensures people with such impairments are not discriminated.In different work places in Americans those who are HIV p ositive and those with cancer history cancers are prone dramatization and discrimination . Therefore the law ensures they protected appropriately. As the saying goes ‘disability is not inability’ thus disabled qualified applicants should not be denied a particular opportunity. The employer should treat this staff member equally as others according to terms and conditions of work . Disabled people are perceived not to perform effectively towards productivity of an organization since some may require frequent medical check ups and this could lead to wastage of time.Others may not be able to walk faster also leading to wastage of time and inefficiency in job performance. Those on wheel chairs could pose to the company extra costs such as transportation cost, repair and maintenance costs on wheel chair tires to be incurred by an organization and also this particular staff member requires special treatment. The disabled also face stiff competition from other healthy workers hence discouraging their efforts. Employers take advantage of discriminating them and showing favourism to the potential employees.Employers should ensure fair treatment of the disabled since no one decides to be in such a condition they should also put in place measures which protect these victims from other co- workers. When this is in place, the disabled are able to work in a permissive environment (Hughes & Dodge, 1997). In general, discrimination in the workplace constitutes racial, gender, religion intelligence, pregnancy, and age discrimination. The employers or other fellow employees may take advantage of other peoples’ weakness in exploiting and discrimination others in the workplace.People in the workplace take advantage of the underprivileged to retain them in the job. And also establish sexual affairs with employees working under them since they promise favors such as pay increments and promotion. This should be discouraged since one can contract incurable sexual diseases and also can lead to the spread of the same disease in an organization. Discrimination based on age and race should be discouraged since it curtails one’s effort in the job and in return this negatively affects the productivity. When workers are discriminated, their output is reduced since they are never comfortable in such environments.In other instances for example where religious discrimination is rampant and many are forced to withdraw from the company especially when many forced for conversion to other faiths. This automatically leads to either decline of the company or incur heavy losses which can lead to the closure of the company indeed. State law should ensure laws regarding work places are not violated and those charged with cases of discrimination should be punished or fined accordingly. Therefore discrimination in places of work should be ever legalized. Reference: Hughes,  D  &Dodge,  M.A.  (1997).African  American  Women  in  the  Workplace:  Relationships    Between Job Conditions, Racial Bias at Work, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perceived Job Quality.  American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal of Community Psychology. 25(5):   Ã‚  Ã‚   581-599.